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A wide range of topics related to cardiovascular and renal physiology, including the mechanisms of blood flow, heart function, kidney structure and function, and various pathological conditions. It delves into the details of diastole and systole, the factors affecting cardiac output, the causes and progression of heart failure, the role of the kidneys in blood filtration and waste elimination, and the pathophysiology of conditions like acute kidney injury and glomerulonephritis. A comprehensive overview of the interrelated systems that regulate the body's circulatory and excretory functions, making it a valuable resource for students and professionals in the fields of medicine, biology, and health sciences.
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What can uncontrolled tachycardia lead to? - ...ANSWER...reduced stroke volume and fatigue What are the two parts of the cardiac cycle? - ...ANSWER...diastole and systole What causes blood to move from the atria to the ventricles - ...ANSWER...gravity and atriole systole What causes the S1 heart sound? - ...ANSWER...Bicuspid/Mitral and Tricuspid valves closing What are the atrioventricular valves? - ...ANSWER...tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) valves What are the semilunar valves? - ...ANSWER...pulmonary and aortic valves What causes the semilunar valves to open? - ...ANSWER...As ventricles contract and intraventricular pressure rises, blood is pushed up against the SL valves, forcing them to open ejection fraction - ...ANSWER...measurement of the volume percentage of left ventricular contents ejected with each contraction
What causes the semilunar valves to close? - ...ANSWER...ventricles relax and intraventricular pressure falls, blood flows back from the arteries, and fill the cusps of the semilunar valves What causes the S2 heart sound? - ...ANSWER...closing of semilunar (aortic and pulmonary) valves What prevents the backflow into the ventricles - ...ANSWER...semilunar valves Stenosis of heart valve - ...ANSWER...A narrowing of the valve opening, causing turbulent flow and enlargement of the emptying chamber Stenosis of a heart valve, may result in what? - ...ANSWER...Narrowing of the heart valves means that blood moves with difficulty out of the heart. Results may include chest pain, edema in the feet or ankles, and irregular heartbeat. and hypertrophy heart failure - ...ANSWER...cardiac dysfunction caused by the inability of the heart to provide adequate CO resulting in inadequate tissue perfusion Left sided heart failure characteristic - ...ANSWER...inability of the left ventricle to provide adequate blood flow into systemic circulation Causes of left sided heart failure - ...ANSWER...systemic hypertension left ventricle MI LV hypertrophy
Erythropietin - ...ANSWER...Produce: Kidney (small amount in liver) Released: Kidney Target: Bone Marrow Functions: Stimulates bone marrow to produce more red blood cells hematopoietic stem cells - ...ANSWER...The stem cells that give rise to RBC WBC and platelets through the process of haematopoiesis. How does a hematopoietic stem cell produce a red blood cell - ...ANSWER...hematopoietic stem cells produces an unndifferentiated hemocytoblast
causes of anemia - ...ANSWER...- impaired RBC production
what is secreted into the tubule depends on what the body needs at that time ex. eating a lot of protein nitrogen waste is a product of protein metabolism (ammonia) liver converts ammonia to urea and the kidneys secreted urea into the tubule for secretion also possible to eliminate products that are in excess in the blood -- potassium, hydrogen, metabolites or medications can secrete things that were too larger to fit through the glomerulus's pore filtration (kidney) - ...ANSWER...movement of solutes from blood to filtrate at bowman's capsule 20% of the blood that goes through the glomerulus is passed as filtrate into the bowman's capsule depends on the hydrostatic and oncotic pressures/ starling forces between the glomerulus and bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure: a lot higher in the glomerulus (move into the nephron/bowman's capsule) oncotic pressure: higher in the blood/glomerulus than in the bowman's capsule (move into the blood/glomerulus) hydrostatic pressure is greater so there will be movement into bowman's capsule
usually favors the filtrate to go into the bowman's capsule each persons full body is filtered about every 40 minutes Conditions associated with renal failure - ...ANSWER...- congenital abnormalities in the urethral tract development
Bronchioles - ...ANSWER...smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that become the alveoli 3 layers of the bronchioles - ...ANSWER...innermost layer middle layer - lamina propria outermost layer lamina propria - ...ANSWER...the middle layer of the bronchioles structure of the lamina propria - ...ANSWER...embedded with connective tissue cells and immune cells purpose of the lamina propria - ...ANSWER...white blood cells are present to help protect the airways How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - ...ANSWER...the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response that damages host tissue What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - ...ANSWER...columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - ...ANSWER...smooth muscle cells what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - ...ANSWER...control the airways ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation - ...ANSWER...When air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air inside how does hyperinflation occur? - ...ANSWER...the ongoing inflammatory process of asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - ...ANSWER...- expanded thorax and hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
how does chronic bronchitis lead to respiratory acidosis? - ...ANSWER...hyperinflation of the alveoli causes CO retention Where does air enter the body? - ...ANSWER...naso and oropharynx (mouth and nose) Where does air go after it passes through the nose and mouth?
Afterload - ...ANSWER...the amount of resistance to open the semilunar valves and eject of blood from the ventricle what influences afterload (3) - ...ANSWER...ventricle wall thickness (muscle strength) arterial pressure (resistance to ejection) ventricle chamber size (blood volume capacity) what can cause an increase in afterload - ...ANSWER...systemic hypertension valve disease COPD (pulmonary hypertension) what can decrease afterload - ...ANSWER...hypotension or vasodilation what influences cardiac contractility (inotropic state) - ...ANSWER...levels of electrolytes High levels of ATP level of oxygen available synchronous muscle contraction What electrolytes are used for cardiac muscle contraction? - ...ANSWER...sodium potassium and calcium What increases cardiac muscle contraction - ...ANSWER...sympathetic stimulation; fear anxiety and increased thyroxine what decreases cardiac muscle contraction - ...ANSWER...low ATP levels; ischemia hypoxia or acidosis
Stimulation of what set a resting HR (chronotropic state) - ...ANSWER...parasympathetic system what stimulates the parasympathetic system - ...ANSWER...the vagus nerve What does the parasympathetic system do? - ...ANSWER...It releases acetycholine which decreases heart rate and causes vasodilation What can extreme vagal response result in? - ...ANSWER...life threatening bradycardia What mediates the sympathetic system - ...ANSWER...epinephrine and norepinephrine What does the sympathetic system promote in the cardiac system - ...ANSWER...vasoconstriction and increased HR tubular necrosis - ...ANSWER...the renal tubules cells are highly sensitive to low oxygen levels or presence of toxins and leads to tubular necrosis Causes of tubular necrosis - ...ANSWER...- being post operative