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Carbohydrates: Structure, Function, and Classification in Biochemistry, Summaries of Nursing

A comprehensive overview of carbohydrates in biochemistry, covering their structure, function, and classification. It delves into the chemical composition, energy role, and structural importance of carbohydrates in the human body. The document also explores the chirality of molecules, stereoisomerism, and different projection methods used to represent carbohydrate structures. It concludes with a detailed explanation of monosaccharides, their classification, and their role in various biochemical processes.

Typology: Summaries

2023/2024

Uploaded on 09/22/2024

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BIOCHEMISTRY
Why do we eat? Food contains nutrients—substances essential for the growth, repair, and
maintenance of body tissues and for the regulation of vital processes.
Carbohydrates - are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and have a general formula that
approximates CH2O. They are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or form polyhydroxy aldehydes or
ketones when hydrolyzed
Carbohydrates: known as saccharides
Chief and cheap source of food
Most abundant biomolecules on Earth
- Hydrates of carbon, polyhydroxylated carbon
- Ratio of (CH2O)n
- Polyhydroxy aldehyde, a polyhydroxy ketone
- Polyhydroxy means a carbon atom contain 0H
- CH0 ratio is 2:1
- Most abundant carbohydrates is Glucose
FUNCTION in Human Body
1. Carbohydrate storage, in the form of glycogen, provides a short-term energy reserve.
- Primary source of energy in the body
- 1g Carbohydrates= 4kCal
2. Structural elements
Cell structure
a. Glycosaminoglycans
-mucopolysaccharides
- Heterosaccharides and Amino Sugar
Uronic acid -glucose amine
Iduroic acid -galactosamine
-should be acetylated
Example of Strutural Elements GAGs
-Chonodroitin Sulfate
-Dermatan
Major component of bacterial cell wall and soft cell coats in animal tissue
Provide adhesion between cell
-Glyconugates (covalently attached to)
-membrane receptors
Transport function (biochemical transport)
Glycoproteins transport vital biomolecules
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BIOCHEMISTRY

Why do we eat? Food contains nutrients—substances essential for the growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues and for the regulation of vital processes. Carbohydrates - are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and have a general formula that approximates CH2O. They are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or form polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones when hydrolyzed  Carbohydrates: known as saccharides  Chief and cheap source of food  Most abundant biomolecules on Earth

  • Hydrates of carbon, polyhydroxylated carbon
  • Ratio of (CH2O)n
  • Polyhydroxy aldehyde, a polyhydroxy ketone
  • Polyhydroxy means a carbon atom contain 0H
  • CH0 ratio is 2:
  • Most abundant carbohydrates is Glucose FUNCTION in Human Body
  1. Carbohydrate storage, in the form of glycogen, provides a short-term energy reserve.
  • Primary source of energy in the body
  • 1g Carbohydrates= 4kCal
  1. Structural elements Cell structure a. Glycosaminoglycans -mucopolysaccharides
  • Heterosaccharides and Amino Sugar Uronic acid -glucose amine Iduroic acid -galactosamine -should be acetylated Example of Strutural Elements GAGs -Chonodroitin Sulfate -Dermatan Major component of bacterial cell wall and soft cell coats in animal tissue Provide adhesion between cell -Glyconugates (covalently attached to) -membrane receptors Transport function (biochemical transport) Glycoproteins transport vital biomolecules

Confer biologic specificity on animal cell surface BLOOD -Type A- N-acetygalactosamine Type B- D galactose Type AB- combination of Type A and B -Type O- No sugar present

  • heparin, a glycoprotein is produced in the liver Supply precursors for synthesis of vital biologic substances
  • Carbohydtaes serves as building blocks or attachments of important biomolecules as components of Enzymes, Hormones, DNA and RNA b. Proteoglycan are of a class of glycoproteins of high molecular weight that are found especially in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue -ALL GAGs are considered as proteoglycans except hyaluric acid because they lack protein
  1. Carbohydrate oxidation provides energy.
  2. Carbohydrates supply carbon atoms for the synthesis of other biochemical substances (proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids).
  3. Carbohydrates form part of the structural framework of DNA and RNA molecules. NATURE OF CARBOHYDRATES: Energy A. Basic Fuel Source B. Energy Production System (ATP) Carbohydrates are quick energy source C. Dietary Importance- widely available (rice), low cost CLASSES OF CARBOHYDRATES
  4. A monosaccharide is a carbohydrate that contains a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or polyhydroxy ketone unit
  5. A disaccharide is a carbohydrate that contains two monosaccharide units covalently bonded to each other
  6. An oligosaccharide is a carbohydrate that contains three to ten monosaccharide units covalently bonded to each other
  7. A polysaccharide is a polymeric carbohydrate that contains many monosaccharide units covalently bonded to each other CHIRALITY: Handedness in Molecules  Molecules that possess “handedness” exist in two forms: a “left-handed” form and a “right- handed” form

1. the chiral center is on the plane of the paper,

2. two bonds are coming out of the plane of the paper and are on a

horizontal plane,

3. the two remaining bonds are going into the plane of the paper and

are on a vertical plane

Step 2: Push the two bonds coming out of the plane of the

paper onto the plane of the paper.

Step 3: Pull the two bonds going into the plane of the

paper onto the plane of the paper.

Step 4: Omit the chiral atom symbol for convenience.

HAWORT PROJECTION - a Haworth projection is a common way of writing a

structural formula to represent the cyclic structure of monosaccharides

with a simple three-dimensional perspective.

ALPHA- DOWN BETA- UP

CH2OH up= D sugar CH2OH down= L sugar

First, we are going to draw the Haworth projection of the D glucose.

To get this, simply flip the glucose by 90o^ and then rearrange the

carbon chain to resemble a six-membered ring:

After this, rotate about C4-C5 bond such that the C5-OH points to

the carbonyl for a nucleophilic attack. The reason for this preference

of the C5-OH attack is that it allows for the formation of a six-

membered ring:

MONOSACCHARIDES

- Simplest sugar.

- Mostly colorless, crystalline solids that are freely soluble in water but

insoluble in nonpolar solvent.

Classification of monosaccharides