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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 3 – REVIEWER
WEEK 1 – INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 3
THREE PRIMARY STAGES OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
1. PRE-CONSTRUCTION
Planning Design Procurement
2. CONSTRUCTION Excavation Plumbing Electrics Finishes 3. POST CONSTRUCTION Final Inspection Close out project Evaluate project Superstructure – the part of the building or structure that is above the ground level and is supported by the substructure. It includes all the visible parts of the building, such as walls, floors, roof, windows, doors and so on. Substructure – the underlying support structure of a building or civil engineering project that is typically below ground level. It includes components such as the foundation, piles, and other structural elements that transfer the load of the building or structure to the ground.
Conceptual design – includes building proposals, reconstructions, graduate projects, masterplans, and renderings showing unbuilt ideas. Technical drawings or the construction working drawings – Architectural working drawings, often referred to as good for construction drawings (GFC) are detailed, dimensioned illustrations provided by the architect. These drawings offer the necessary graphical information for contractors to carry out construction or for suppliers to manufacture components of the project. Floor plan – a drawing to scale, showing a view from above, of the relationship between rooms, spaces, traffic patterns, and other physical features at one level of a structure. Dimensions are usually drawn between the walls to specify room sizes and wall lengths.
THINGS TO CONSIDER WHEN DRAFTING A
FLOOR PLAN
Line weights - Furniture Layout - Appropriate hatches - Door and Windows Tags - Drawing Tags - Dimensions – Specifications WORKING DRAWINGS COMPONENTS
- Architectural working drawings
- Structural working drawings
- Mechanical working drawings
- Electrical working drawings
- Plumbing and sanitary working drawings
- Fire protection and alarm system working drawings ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS COMPONENTS
- Architectural General Notes
- Perspectives
- Site Development Plan
- Vicinity Map
- Location Map
- Signatories
- Mounting Height Details
- Architectural Floor Plans
- Roof Plan
- Construction Floor Plans
- Floor Pattern Layout
- Reflected Ceiling Plans
- Front, Rear, Right-Side and Left-Side Elevations
- Cross and Longitudinal Section
- Architectural Bay Section
- Doors Schedule
- Windows Schedule
- Stair Details
- Bay Section
WEEK 2 – FLOORING SYSTEMS
Floor – is the lower horizontal surface of any space in a building, including finishes that are laid as part of the permanent construction. A Floor Typically provides:
- Structural support for the contents of the room; its occupants, and the weight of the floor itself.
- Resistance to the passage of moisture, heat and sound.
- A surface finish which may contribute to the look, feel and acoustics of a space.
- Sometimes it may also form an integral part of the primary structure of the building.
- It may also include elements of building service, such as wiring, pipework, ducting, drainage, lighting, ventilation and so on.
- The surface finish of a floor is generally referred to as flooring DIFFERENT KINDS OF FLOORING SYSTEMS
- Reinforced concrete flooring
- Steel Framing Floor Systems
- The choice of a correct floor system is an important economic decision in a tall building.
- In residential buildings, shorter span is possible because smaller apartment units permit the placement of a closer spaced columns and walls.
- In contrast to residential buildings, modern office buildings require large open spaces, sometimes entire areas must be devoid of structural elements.
- The ease and speed of construction also plays an important role in the selection of the floor system. Some contractors may only be familiar with certain types of systems or may have invested in expensive formwork for a particular type.
- The floor system may be required to assist in carrying horizontal loads, in which case a floor slab may have to be replaced by a floor plate. REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOORING CLASSIFICATIONS:
- One way solid slab and beam
- Two-way solid slab beam
- One-way Concrete Joist (Ribbed)
- Two-way Concrete Waffle Slab
- Flat Slab or Girderless Floors Solid or Ribbed EACH TYPE OF THE FLOOR SYSTEM HAS ITS OWN ADVANTAGES IN APPLICATION DEPENDING UPON THE FOLLOWING FACTORS:
- Spacing of the Columns
- The magnitude of the loads to be supported
- Length of the span
- The cost of the construction
ONE-WAY SLAB – Deflect in one direction; Loads go to one direction (Cylindrical – Deflected Shape) Common type of reinforced concrete floor system which the reinforcements run only in one direction. Made of solid slab supported by two parallel beams. It is comparatively economical for a medium and heavy live load on short spans ranging from 2.00 to 3. METERS LONG. Although the reinforcements are also placed in the slab parallel with the beams perpendicular with the main reinforcements called “TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENTS”. Dimension: 6m x 2m Slab (Ratio of Longer to Shorter Span is Equal or Greater than 2) L/W > 2; 6/2 = 3 > 2 SUPPORT – Beams on two opposite sides (Ledge, Canopies, Cantilever Slab) Slab Thickness – Less Steel, Depth Slab Increases, Slab Thickness is More TWO-WAY SLAB - Deflect in two directions; Loads go to both directions (Dish or Saucer – Deflected Shape) Slab in which are supported on four sides where the floor panel is nearly square is generally economical to employ the two directions of reinforcing bars placed at right angle with each other. The code specifies that thickness of the slab shall not be less than 4 inches or 10 cm Nor Less than the perimeter of the slab divided by
- The spacing of the reinforcement shall not be more than 3 times the slab thickness. Dimension: 3m x 2m Slab (Ratio of Longer to Shorter Span is Equal or Less than 2) L/W < 2; 3/2 = 1.5 < 2 SUPPORT: Beams on all the four sides (Slab for Multi-Stories Buildings) Slab Thickness: More steel, Depth of Slab Decreases, Slab Thickness is Less. ONE WAY CONCRETE RIB JOIST A system of beams & slender, closely – spaced ribs supports a one-way slab. Beams span between columns. Joist (ribs) span from beam to beam. The slab spans between the joist. Greater spans are possible than with solid slab. Modular, pre-fabricated form systems help to keep this system economical. ADVANTAGE: The reduction in weight achieved by removing part of concrete below the neutral axis. Economical for buildings with a long span with light to moderate loads. Examples: Apartment buildings and hospitals. Consists of a floor slab usually (50 to 100mm thick), supported by reinforced concrete ribs (joists). Ribs are usually tapered and are uniformly spaced at distances that do not exceed (750mm), The ribs are supported on girders that rests on columns.
WEEK 3 : CEILING SYSTEM
DOUBLE FURRING CARRYING
CHANNEL
WALL ANGLE SHADOW LINE WALL
ANGLE
19MM X 50 MM X 5.0M 12MM X 38MM X 5.0M 25MM X 25MM X 3.0M 25MM X 25MM X
25MM X 25MM X 3.0M
This is installed to the ceiling with maximum interval of 24’ or 610mm with size of 19mm (3/4”) x 50mm (2”) x 5m (16ft) Attached perpendicularly to JEA-MAXX Furring Channel with maximum interval of 4ft or 1220mm with standard size of 12mm (1/2”) x 38mm (1 ½”) x 5m (16ft) Attached to the perimeter wall by a concrete nail or any fastening materials. It carries the end of boards with size of 25mm (1”) x 25mm (1”) x 2.40 meters (8ft) Attached to the perimeter wall by a concrete nail or any fastening materials. It carries the end of JEA- MAXX Furring Channel and end of boards with size of 25mm (1”) x 25mm (1”) x 25mm (1”) x 25mm (1”) x 3.0meters (10ft) THICKNESS GA 26/0.40mm 0.80mm GA 26/0.40mm GA 26/0.40mm GA 25/0.50mm 1.00mm GA 25/0.50mm GA 24/0/60mm GA 24/0.60mm 1.20mm GA 24/0.60mm GA 22/0.80mm W-CLIP OR U CLIP - Used to connect the Double Furring and Carrying Channel together. Two types of W-Clip : Double Clip for Double Furring Single Clip for Single Furring J – TYPED HANGER BRACKET – Attached to the JEA-MAXX Carrying Channel with Maximum interval of 4ft (1220mm) Composed of:
- J type clip
- Threaded Rod 3/8” x 3m
- Expansion Shield or Anchor Grip 3/8”
- Hex nuts 3/8”
HARDIEFLEX NEXGEN FIBER CEMENT BOARD : 4.5MM STANDARD SIZE - Are mold resistant and protected by MoldBlock Technology. 4.5mm is the best ceiling solution for internal residential applications greater than 6sqm, and as a standard solution for internal walls exposed to low traffic. Size : 4ft x 8ft Thickness: 3.2mm, 4.5mm , 5.0,, , 6.00mm, 9.00mm, 12.00mm, 16mm, 18.00mm LAY-IN MODULAR CEILING (COMPONENTS)
- Main Runner – forms the main section of your grid, attached to the top fix by suspension wire. Perpendicular to any beams/purlins of the existing building 24mm is the most popular width of the Main Runner.
- 1200mm Cross Tee – Interlocks between the main runner section of your gridwork. Fixes Directly inro pre- punched holes within the main runner to create spaces for the ceiling tiles to sit. 24mm is the standard width of Cross tee.
- 600mm Cross Tee – Interlocks between your Cross Tee (1200mm) sections. Fixes directly into pre- punched holes within 1200mm Cross tee to create spaces for the ceiling tiles to sit. 24mm is the standard width of Cross tee.
WEEK 4 – WALLS
Wall – a continuous, usually vertical structure, thin in proportion to its length and height, built to provide shelter as an external wall or divide buildings into rooms or compartments as an internal wall. FUNCTIONS OF WALL Structural support: Walls are essential for providing structural support to a building. They help distribute the weight of the building and provide stability. Aesthetics: Walls can be designed to create visual interest, defined spaces, and express the character and style of a building. Enclosure and privacy: Walls create an enclosure and provide privacy, defining the interior and exterior spaces of a building. Materials: Walls can be constructed using a variety of materials such as brick, stone, concrete, wood, and glass, each with its unique properties and aesthetics qualities. Protection: Walls also provide protection from the elements, such as wind, rain, and heat as well as from intruders. Sustainability: In sustainable architecture, walls can be designed to promote energy efficiency, reduce waste, and enhance the ecological performance of a building. Insulation: Walls can be designed to provide insulation and regulate temperature within a building. WALL CLASSIFICATION Load Bearing Wall - Able to carry the load from above (own weight & load from roof) and transfer it to the foundation. Resist side pressure from wind. It can be exterior wall or interior wall. It braces from the roof to floor
- Pre-cast Concrete Wall
- Retaining Wall
- Masonry Wall
- Pre-panelized Load Bearing Metal Stud Walls
- Engineering Brick Wall (115mm, 225mm)
- Stone Wall
- As the height of the building increases, required thickness of wall and resulting stress on the foundation will also increase and cause it to be uneconomical.
Pre-Panelized Load Bearing Metal Stud Walls – It is used for building exterior wall cladding. The metal can be stainless steel, copper, aluminum. It supports gravity, seismic and wind loading. Stone Wall – A true stone home’s walls are load bearing – the carry the weight of the rood as well as any upper floors. Stone is traditional building material with many positive features. Stone walls can be strong, durable, and attractive, and can also help to improve energy efficiency. Precast Concrete Wall – Acts as load bearing elements in a building are both a structurally efficient and economical means of transferring floor and roof loads through the structure and into the foundation. The load bearing structural walls ranges from 150 to 200mm thickness. Retaining Wall – It provides lateral support. Installing a retaining wall has many environmental benefits like reducing erosion and protecting areas from being saturated. Also known as revetment or breast wall. Non-Load Bearing Wall – Walls which carry no floor or roof loads; Only carry their own weight. The non-load bearing walls are usually 100 mm to 125mm thickness. It is also known as interior wall. Hollow Concrete Block – The walls of the concrete building are made hollow. It has the advantage of great strength. It gives stability without any waste of material. Façade Bricks - It is solid, durable, and practically maintenance free. Colors do not lose their radiance in this brick. Façade bricks are ecological and sustainable. Hollow Bricks – They are green living. They can reduce the use of heating and cooling devices. They are strong and better used. Hollow bricks are cost effective. Brick Walls – It is an immovable block or wall made of brick. Brick walls are easy to install.
Cavity Wall – A type of construction where two layers of masonry are separated by a cavity or a space. The cavity is typically filled with insulation material to improve energy efficiency and provide sound insulation. Shear Wall – Shear Walls are also known as framed walls that are specifically designed for resisting lateral forces. It’s a form of vertical functional element for the force resisting system used to resist earthquake loading, wind, and other natural calamity load on the building. Partition Wall – A partition wall is a form of the non-load-bearing wall constructed to divide large spacious rooms into small spaces. The partition wall height will depend on the usage, which can be a story part. This wall is generally made of brick masonry, fiberboard, and glass. Curtain Wall – The walls are generally constructed with aluminum, fiberglass, and steel frames, and are commonly found in offices and buildings like hospitals, and public places. The primary purpose of this is to protect against the elements, and this means keeping out air and water. WALL MATERIALS: WALL MATERIALS COMPOSITION PROPERTIES APPLICATIONS Fired Bricks Made by sintering the clay materials Compressive strength: 10 - 30MPa; apparent density: 1500- 1800kg/m^3; thermal conductivity: 0.78w(m*K) and frost resistance: 15 times Walls, bases, columns, brick, arches, etc.. Lime-sand bricks Made by autoclaving ground fine silicate sand, lime and water Compressive strength: 10 - 25MPa; apparent density: 1800 - 1900kg/m^3; thermal The application is almost the same with fired common bricks, but they cannot be
conductivity: 0.6w(mK) the appearance is constructed and white grey; they also can be made into colorful bricks; bricks cannot resist flowing water for a long time and acid corrosion used in the parts experiencing flowing water and heat above 200 degrees for a long time Autoclaved Fly Ash Bricks Fly ash, lime, aggregates (slag and mineral slag) and gypsum Compressive strength: 7.5- 20MPa; apparent density: 1500kg/m^3; the dry shrinkage of qualified products: </=0.85mm/m The same with lime- sand bricks Aerated Concrete Blocks The porous concrete made by gas-forming and autoclaving ground silicate materials, lime, aluminum powder and water. The compressive strength of 500(kg/m^3) grade: 2.2-3.0MPa; Thermal conductivity: 0. 0 - 0.16W(m.K); Frost Resistance: 15 times; the compressive strength of 700 grade: 4.2-5.0MPa Walls of buildings and Insulation Foam Concrete Blocks The porous concrete made by gas-forming and autoclaving cement, foam agent and water The common ones are 400 grade and 500 grades; the compressive strength of 500 grade is 2- 3.0MPa; and the thermal conductivity is 0.12w(mK) The same with aerated concrete Common small sized concrete hollow blocks Made by stirring and forming cement, sand, stone, and water; There are single-row pores and triple-row pores. Compressive Strength is 3.5 to 15MPa =; Hole- rate:35%-50%; Apparent density:1300- 1700kg/m^3; Thermal conductivity:0.26W(m*K) The inner walls and load-bearing walls of low-rise and middle- rise buildings. MORTAR AND PLASTER MIXTURE PROPORTION CLASS PROPORTION CEMENT SAND 40 KG 50 KG A 1:2 18 14.5 1 B 1: 3 12 9.5 1 C 1:4 9 7 1 D 1:5 7.5 6 1
Glass Block Manufactured from silica sand, soda ash, and limestone. Raw materials are mixed with additives and heated in large tanks up to 1260°C. Heat transmission ratio: 2.97 W/(m²*K); Soundproof: - 42 dB; Light transmittance: colorless glass blocks 80% and colored glass blocks 60%. Insulation, cladding, glazing, and even as a structural component. Glass Fiber reinforced cement Boards (GRC Boards) - It is a type of fiber-reinforced concrete that can be used to produce strong, lightweight architectural concrete products such as building panels. It can also be used to create decorative concrete products such as façade wall panels, fireplace surrounds, vanity tops and concrete countertops due to its unique properties and tensile strength. Glass Block - A hollow translucent block usually with ribbed exterior made by fusing two sections of clear pressed glass at high temperature and used as a building material chiefly for wall panels. WALL FINISHES CEMENT PLASTER – An old technique in which plaster is applied over the wallboard or concrete block using a mortar. Textures range from smooth to stucco. This technique is almost a lost trade and is not used in new homes. It often chips and cracks as a house settles over the years. TILE – the tile wall finish is the most popular type of finish as there are endless options to choose from. Commonly used for kitchens and bathrooms, tile wall finishes are now being used in living rooms and other rooms as well. Some of the common tile finishes are glossy finish, matte finish, textured finish, glazed finish, and unglazed finish. LAMINATE – Laminate wall finishes are common in both residential and corporate buildings. However, they are more expensive than cement and tile finishes. Laminates have greater aesthetic appeal in terms of styles and patterns. They are used in a variety of spaces. Laminate wall finishes are durable and easy to maintain. CLADDING – Cladding is a popular interior wall finishing that involves installing an external layer or covering to the building’s exterior or interior walls. This type of wall finish is commonly used for aesthetic purposes, as well as to provide an additional layer of insulation and protection to the home interior design. Cladding can be made from various wall finishing materials such as wood, stone, metal, brick, and composite materials. It can improve the energy efficiency of a building by providing additional insulation.
WOOD – Wood comes in the form of paneling, plank (such as flooring), and veneer, etc. It provides warmth and is a good insulator but it tends to fade and is flammable. MIRROR – Mirror wall finish refers to the installation of mirror panels on the wall surface. People love using them in interior design as they can create the illusion of a larger and brighter space. Therefore, this interior wall finish proves to be an excellent choice for small rooms or spaces that receive insufficient natural light. From full-wall panels to smaller decorative accents, there are various ways to add mirror wall finish. Compared to other wall finishing materials, it is also easier to clean and maintain PAINT/ TEXTURED PAINT – Flat, eggshell, and satin paint are best for interior walls, whereas semi-gloss and gloss paint are best for trim and woodwork. Flat paint has a velvety, matte look and is the best choice to hide any wall imperfections. However, it’s the least durable choice and doesn’t usually stand up well to scrubbing.
- Matte Finish
- Textured Finish
- Satin Finish
- Eggshell Finish
- Semi-gloss
- High-gloss Finish WALL PAINTING PROCEDURE INTERIOR WALL - CONCRETE AFTER PLASTERING STEP 0: APPLY NEGATIVE PRESSURE WATERPROOFING (OPTIONAL) STEP 1: APPLY SKIMCOAT, FULL WALL, TOP DOWN STEP 2: SAND THEN APPLY PRIMER, FLAT WALL LATEX STEP 3: SKIMCOAT PATCHING OF UNEVEN SURFACE STEP 4: SAND THEN APPLY SECOND COAT, SEMI-GLOSS LATEX/ SATIN LATEX STEP 5: CHECK IF NO UNEVEN SURFACE ANYMORE STEP 6: FINAL COAT, APPLY SEMI-GLOSS/ SATIN LATEX EXTERIOR WALL - CONCRETE AFTER PLASTERING STEP 1: APPLY CEMENTITIOUS WATERPROOFING STEP 2: APPLY SKIMCOAT, FULL WALL, TOP DOWN STEP 3: SAND THEN APPLY PRIMER, ACRYTEX PRIMER STEP 4: SKIMCOAT PATCHING OF UNEVEN SURFACE STEP 5: SAND THEN APPLY SECOND COAT, SEMI-GLOSS LATEX/ EGGSHELL LATEX/ ELASTOMERIC PAINT STEP 6: CHECK IF NO UNEVEN SURFACE ANYMORE STEP 7: FINAL COAT, SEMI-GLOSS LATEX/ EGGSHELL LATEX/ ELASTOMERIC PAINT
SECTIONS
TYPICAL WALL SECTION DETAIL
In drafting WALL DETAILS, make sure to check the following items on the list:
- Hatch based on different materials being used
- Proper execution of lines based on actual site construction
- Correct Dimensions
- Correct specifications Sectional drawings are multi-view technical drawings that contain special views of a part or parts, which reveal interior features. Sectioning uses a technique that is based on passing an imaginary cutting plane through a part. Section views are a very important aspect of design and documentation to:
- improve the visualization and clarity of new designs,
- clarify multiview drawings,
- reveal interior features of parts, and
- facilitate the dimensioning of drawings. Architectural drawings use section views to reveal the interior details of walls, ceilings, floors, and other elements of the building structure. Section perspectives are not commonly used in construction documents. However, they are great presentation drawings that not only show the building in section but also the character of the interior and exterior spaces in 3D. WHAT IS A WIRE? ◦ A wire is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. Wires are used to bear mechanical loads or electricity and telecommunications signals. Wire comes in solid core, stranded , or braided forms. ◦ Color coded ◦ The coloring on individual conducting wires usually does not indicate a size or rating but rather the standard or preferred use of the wire. For example, black and red wires typically are used for current carrying or "hot" connections, and white wires usually are grounded "neutral" conductors, green insulated wires and bare copper wires are used for grounding wires.
Wire gauge is a measurement of wire diameter. This determines the amount of electric current a wire can safely carry, as well as its electrical resistance and weight. The lower the gauge number, the thicker the wire.
