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Review Test # 3
Bio 126
Disclaimer – this is just a review. I tried to get everything on here – but I could have missed something!!. You cannot in any way, come back after the test and say “You didn’t do this in review – it can’t be on the test “. You are still responsible to do your own review and studying. I did this to help.
Chapter 15
Respiratory system
- What is respiration? -Respiration is the movement of air in and out of the lungs.
- What are the functions of the respiratory system? -gas exchange, regulation of blood pH, innate immunity, voice production and olfaction
- How can the resp. system be divided? -upper & lower respiratory tract
- Name the parts of the upper resp. tract -external nose, nasal cavity & throat
- Where is the septum? -Two halves separated by a wall of tissue.
- What is sinusitis? -Inflammation of the mucous membrane of a sinus.
- What are the bony ridges in the nose that increase surface area? -turbinate
- Why are sinuses important. What do they do?*
- What are the functions of the nose? -filters, airway for respiration, olfactory receptors, warms air & sneezing 10.Draw and be able to understand the path of air from the nose to the alveoli.* 11.What reflex occurs when sensory receptors in the nose detect a substance?*
12.What are the parts of the pharynx? -nasopharynx, oropharynx & laryngopharynx 13.What looks like “little grapes”? -uvula 14.What prevents food from/drink from entering the larynx? -epiglottis 15.Name some pieces of cartilage in the larynx? -thyroid cartilage 16.Describe vocal cords?* -Vocal cords 17.What is trachea made of and what shape is it? -the trachea is made of pseudostratified columnar epithelium and is c-shaped. 18.What type of epithelial cells are primarily found in the resp. system? -ciliated pseudostratified epithelial cells 19.Describe bronchi. -Bronchi is each of which extends to a lung
- What is the primary organ of the respiratory system? -lungs 21.How many lobes are on the right lung? Left side?
-skeletal muscle 31.Why is the diaphragm so important? -It is important because it is the major muscle of respiration 32.Explain the principles that allow for air flow in and out?* -When thoracic cavity volume increases, pressure decreases whereas when thoracic cavity volume decreases, pressure increases. 33.Explain why diffusion in the resp system is so important? -Diffusion in the respiratory system is important because the body needs a way of getting oxygen in and carbon dioxide out. 34.What happens to thoracic area during inspiration? Expiration? -The thoracic area increases in volume during inspiration whereas during expiration it decreases in volume. 35.What happens to volume of thoracic cavity during inspiration? Expiration Inspiration Increased volume = decreased pressure, therefore atmospheric air moves into the lungs Expiration Decreased volume = increased pressure, therefore atmospheric air moves out of the lungs 36.What is lung recoil? -The ability of the lung to increase and decrease. a. Why could it be bad? -influences the ability of alveoli to increase and decrease b. What does our body do to prevent it? -The body brings about two factors; surfactant & pressure in the pleural cavity 37.What factors influence pulmonary ventilation? -gender, age, height, weight & fitness 38.How do we measure pulmonary volumes?
-we use a spirometer to measure pulmonary volumes. 39.Define tidal volume. -the normal volume of air breathed in and out with each breath. 40.Define TLC -TLC is total volume of air in the lungs. 41.Define IRV -IRV is the amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after normal respiration. 42.Define ERV -ERV is the amount of air that can be forcefully expired after normal respiration. 43.Define RV. -RV is volume of air still remaining in the respiratory passages & lungs after the most forceful expiration. ** make sure you know what each really means!! 44.What is vital capacity? How is it calculated? -maximum volume of air a person can expel from the respiratory tract. Vital capacity= IRV + TV + ERV 45.Bob has IRV = 5L, ERV = 6L, TV = 5L and an RV = 10L. What is bob’s TLC? 5L + 6L + 5L + 10L=26L TLC = VC + RV VC = IRV + ERV + TV How do you calculate this?*
What factors influence pulmonary exchange?*
47.What influences gas exchange?* - 48.What causes resp. membrane thickness? What cause will this have? -pulmonary edema causes resp. membrane thickness. It causes the failure of the left side of the heart.
53.What is hemoglobin? 54.What is oxyhemoglobin? 55.Explain the homeostatic mechanism of CO2 and blood pH. What happens when C02 increase and when it decreases? 56.Where is ventilation controlled? 57.What is normal ventilation rate? 58.What is the Hering – Breuer reflex? 59.How do chemoreceptors in aorta effect respiration? 60.Where else are chemoreceptors that effect ventilation? 61.What are some of the respiratory diseases we discussed in class? 62.What is asthma?
Chapter 11
Blood
- What are the functions of blood? -transports gases, hormones, wastes and nutrients -protects against foreign substances -regulates pH as well as fluid & ion balance
- What is the breakdown of the composition of blood? -plasma (55%), water (91%), proteins (7%), other (2%)
- What are the formed elements of blood? -erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
- Name the important plasma proteins we discussed -albumin (maintains water balance), globulins (helps immune system) fibrinogen (clot formation)
- What is the process of red blood cell production called? -erythropoiesis
- Where does it occur in utero?*
- Where does it occur in adults?*
- Why is hemoglobin important? -Hemoglobin is important because it is the main component of erythrocytes
- How does CO effect this?* 10.What is the fate of hemoglobin when is break down? -Hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin 11.What are the different Leukocytes? -granulocytes (visible granules), agranulocytes (no granules) 12.Name each one and make sure to know importance of each type -Granulocytes (neutrophils-small phagocytic cells) (eosinophil-reduce inflammation & are parasitic worms) basophils-releases histamine & heparin
22.Be able to explain the different blood groups.* 23.What is the Rh factor?
24.How can it effect pregnant mothers? a. What can we give them to help? b. What is HDN? 25.What is complete Blood count? -This is an analysis that consists of red blood cells, hemoglobin measurement, hematocrit measurement and white blood count. 26.What is Hematocrit? -percentage of total blood volume that is composed of red blood cells Hemostasis – Blood Clotting Process Insert the correct answer in the answer blanks below A. Break D. Fibrinogen G. Prothrombinase B. Erythrocytes E. Platelets H. Thrombin C. Fibrin F. Prothrombin Clotting begins when a (1) occurs in the blood vessel wall. Almost immediately, (2) attach to the blood vessel wall. At the end of the clotting cascade, (3) is formed. This is a chemical substance that causes (4) to be converted to (5). This then acts to convert (6) to form long, threadlike strands of (7), which then traps (8) flowing by in the blood.
- break 2.eryrthrocytes 3.prothrombinase 4.prothrombin 5.thrombin 6.fibrinogen 7.fibrin 8.platelets Circle the correct answer. If a Type A person is given a Type B, then this person's anti-B antibodies will react with the Type B antigens on the donated red blood cells and cause a the donated red blood cells to burst and/or clump together. True or False?-true A person with Rh
- blood can receive blood from a person with Rh - blood without any problems. True or false?-false If you are Rh
- , you can develop Rh antibodies if you receive blood from a person with Rh
- blood. True or false?- This poses a serious a problem the first time this happens. True or false? Chapter 12 Heart
- What are the functions of the heart? -generates blood supply, ensures one way blood flow, generates blood pressure & routes blood.
- Tell me about the heart -The heart is located between lungs in the thoracic cavity
- What are the layers of the heart?
-Pulmonary circuit carries blood from heart to lungs whereas systemic circuit carries blood from heart to body. 14.What are the coronary arteries? -these are arteries that supply blood to heart wall. 15.Explain a cardiac action potential. -In a cardiac action potential, we have the depolarization phase were Na+ and Ca+ channels open, the plateau phase were Na+ channels close, some K+ channels open, Ca+ channels remain open & lastly the repolarization phase were k+ open & Ca+ close. 16.How is it different then a skeletal? -the skeletal muscle action potential has only depolarization & repolarization phase. 17.What is the path of the AP through the heart?* -SA node, AV node, AV bundle, the bundle branches & purkinje fibers 18.Which node acts as the pacemaker? -SA node 19.What is an EKG? -electrocardiography 20.What are the different parts of an EKG?
21.What are you hearing when you hear lub dub? -First & second sound 22.Define stroke volume -volume of blood pumped per ventricle per contraction
23.Define heart rate -number of heart beats in 1 min. 24.Define cardiac output -volume of blood pumped by a ventricle in 1 min.
- What is the equation of CO? -stroke volume x heart rate 26.What factors can change CO? -increases when SV or HR is increased -decreases when SV or HR is decreased 27.Be able to explain preload and how that is an intrinsic regulation of the heart* -The more the cardiac muscles stretch, the stronger the contraction will be. -The amount of stretch is determined by venous return. 28.What does that mean?* 29.Explain heart failure* -Heart failure is when there is decreased cardiac output. 30.What is an infarct? -An infarct is an area that dies from lack of O2. Angioplasty (procedure that opens blocked blood vessels) 31.What is a Myocardial Infarction? -This is known as a heart attack. 32.What is atherosclerosis? -Fat like plaque building up in the arteries causing narrowing. 33.How can we help treat coronary disease? -using a procedure that reroutes blood away from blocked arteries.
- The systemic circulation carries blood from the left ventricle via the aorta to the tissues of the body, and returns blood to the left atrium via the inferior and superior vena cava.
- In the pulmonary circulation, the blood flows from the right ventricle through the pulmonary trunk and artery to the lungs, returning via the pulmonary vein to the left atrium.
- List all the blood vessels in the arm as you follow a drop of blood from the subclavian vein to the hand and then back through the venous system.* -Axillary arteries, brachial arteries, ulnar arteries, radial arteries
- List all the blood vessels in the leg as you follow a drop of blood from the common iliac artery to the foot and then back again through the venous system. -femoral artery, popliteal artery, anterior or posterior artery, fibular artery
- List all blood vessels in the abdominal area as you follow a drop of blood from the abdominal aorta.
- Celiac trunk arteries, superior & inferior mesenteric arteries, renal Arteries, hepatic arteries, gonadal arteries, lumbar arteries, inferior Phrenic arteries
Chapter 14
Lymphatic system
- List the components of the lymphatic system -the spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes
- What is the main purpose of the lymphatic system? -protection of the body
- What are the 3 main functions of the lymphatic system? -lipid absorption, defense, maintenance of fluid balance
- T or F – lymphatic capillaries carry fluid in a dual direction -true
- What type of cells make up the lymphatic capillaries? -endothelial cells
- Where do lymphatic capillaries join? -Lymphatic capillaries join from lymphatic vessels
- What types of valves are found in lymphatic vessels? -One way valves
- What are the 2 locations that the lymphatic system dumps into? -right lymphatic duct & thoracic duct
- What empties into the right lymphatic duct? -right upper limb, right head, neck & chest 10.Where does the right lymphatic duct empty into? -right subclavian vein 11.Where does the thoracic duct empty into? -left subclavian vein 12.What are the lymphatic organs we discussed? -tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen & thymus 13.What are the adenoids? -this is when the pharyngeal tonsil is enlarged 14.Where are the 3 aggregations of lymph nodes? -inguinal nodes in the groin, axillary nodes in the armpit, cervical nodes in the neck 15.T or F lymph passes through node before entering blood-true 16.What is lymph? -this is the fluid that enters the lymphatic capillaries
33.What is adaptive immunity? -This is immunity acquired after birth 34.Define specificity (in terms of adaptive immunity) -Specificity is the ability to recognize a particular substance 35.Define memory (in terms of adaptive immunity) -memory is the ability to respond with increasing effectiveness to successive exposure to the antigen 36.What type of cells does adaptive immunity use? -B & T cells 37.Define antigen -substance that stimulates immune response 38.Define antibody -proteins the body produced in response to antigens 39.What are the 2 types of antigens? -self & foreign antigens 40.Where do blood stem cells originate? -red bone marrow 41.List all you know about B cells? -B cells are anti-body mediated, they mature in the red bone marrow 42.List all you know about T cells? -T cells are cell mediated, they mature in the thymus 43.What are lymphocytes?(develop from stem cells) -these are a type of white blood cells involved in adaptive immunity 44.Where do lymphocytes originate? -stem cells 45.When does adaptive immunity begin?
- When antigen receptors combine with antigen the lymphocyte is activated & adaptive immunity begins
46.What does MHC stand for?*
