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Review Test # 4
Bio 126
Disclaimer – this is just a review. I tried to get everything on here – but I could have missed something! You cannot in any way, come back after the test and say “You didn’t do this in review – it can’t be on the test “. You are still responsible to do your own review and studying. I did this to help.
Chapter 10
Endocrine System
Parathyroid gland diagram Regulatory functions of the endocrine system -labor contractions, water & electrolyte balance, metabolic rate, development of tissues Identify the changes that occur in healthy, elderly adults due to age-related decreases in endocrine secretions. Select all that apply. -increased susceptibility to infection -decrease in bone mass -decrease in muscle mass -change in sleeping patterns
Challenging concepts -Three types of stimuli that inhibit hormone release
- Explain how the nervous system and endocrine system are similar -they are both control systems of the body
- List the function of the endocrine system
- What are the 2 types of glands we discussed? -exocrine & endocrine glands
- Where do endocrine glands secrete their products -in the blood stream
- Explain the difference between intracellular and intercellular signals -intracellular produce in one part of a cell & move to another part of same cell while intercellular released from one cell & bind to receptors on another cell
Where are intracellular chemical signals produced? Where do they travel to?*
- How many different types of intercellular signals are there? -5 types
- Explain autocrine signals -released by cells & have a local effect on same cell type
- Explain/ draw paracrine chemical signals -released by cells & affect other cell types 10.How do neurotransmitters work -through the synaptic cleft 11.Explain why pheromones are so cool. Explain what effects they may have -because they are secreted into the environment & modify behavior 12.Define hormones -to set into motion
25.Why is a –ve feedback so important in hormone regulation* -this is because most hormones use it 26.T or F – endocrine system consists of glands with ducts that secrete hormones -false 27.What controls the pituitary? -hypothalamus 28.How many regions of the pituitary gland are there? -2 regions 29.What is the connection between hypothalamus and pituitary?* -they work hand in hand 30.Which part of the pituitary gland makes its own hormones? -anterior pituitary gland 31.Name all the hormones secreted by the anterior Pituitary gland Growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, LH for females, LH for males, FSH for females, FSH for males, prolactin, ACTH 32.What is the function of GH? -stimulates growth of bones, muscles & organs 33.What is its target tissue? -most tissues 34.What abnormalities arise form it? -too much GH causes gigantism 35.What controls the release of GH and the Ant Pit? -hypothalamus 36.What does LH mean? -luteinizing hormone
37.What is the function of LH? -promotes ovulation & progesterone production & testosterone, sperm production 38.Name all the gonadotropins from the ant. Pit.* -LH hormone, FSH hormone 39.How does FSH work in males vs females? -FSH in males(sperm production), FSH in females(follicle maturation & estrogen secretion) 40.What is the main target tissue of prolactin? -mammary glands 41.What does ADH mean? -antidiuretic hormone 42.Explain its target and function -kidneys 43.Name the hormones stored in the post. Pituitary -oxytocin, ADH 44.What is the function of oxytocin? -increases uterine contractions during labor 45.What controls the post. Pituitary? -hypothalamus 46.What substance do T3 & T4 need to work properly? -thyroxine 47.What are the target cells of T3 & T4?*
48.Describe the effects of hypothyroidism -causes decreased metablism 49.Describe what happens when you have hyperthyroidism
-middle part of the kidney 63.What hormone is released from the medulla? -epinephrine & norepinephrine 64.What effect does epinephrine have on its target tissue? -pupil constriction, sphincter contraction 65.What is the function of epinephrine? -fight or flight response 66.What is the function of aldosterone? -causes Na+ & H2O to be retained & K+ to be secreted 67.What is its target tissue? -kidneys 68.What is the function of cortisone?*
69.What hormone regulates the release of cortisol? -glucocorticoids 70.What mechanism turns off cortisol secretion? -negative feedback mechanism 71.Where is the pancreas located? -in the abdomen 72.What hormone does it produce? -insulin, glucagon 73.What are the functions of insulin? -regulates blood glucose levels 74.What is the target tissue of insulin? -liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue
75.When are glucose levels the highest? -after a meal 76.Where is glucose stored? -liver 77.Explain type 1 diabetes -when too little insulin is secreted from the pancreas 78.Explain type 2 diabetes
- Too few insulin receptors on target cells 79.What is the function of glucagon? -regulates blood glucose levels 80.What hormone is released from the testes? -Testosterone 81.What does that hormone do? -sperm production 82.What hormone is release from the ovaries? -estrogen, progesterone 83.What does that hormone do? -uterine, menstrual cycle 84.What hormones are created in the placenta? -Relaxin, HCG 85.What hormone is important for T cell production? -thymosin
- What is the functional unit of the kidney? -nephron
- How many are found in each kidney? -over 1 million 11.What are the parts of the nephron? -Renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, a loop of henle & distal convoluted tubule
- DRAW IT – this will help on a test* 13.What is the Bowman’s capsule? -the enlarged end of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus
- The fluid that passes across the filtration membrane is called what; filtrate 15.What surrounds the glomerulus? -bowman’s capsule
- Describe the order of the flow of filtrate through the nephron* -renal corpuscle→ proximal convoluted tubule→ descending loop of henle→ ascending loop of henle→ distal tubule→ collecting duct→ calyx→ renal pelvis→ ureter
- describe the three processes involved in the production of urine -Filtration: blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries force fluid & small molecules of the blood to create filtrate -Tubular reabsorption: transport proteins move water & some filtered molecules from the filtrate back into the peritubular capillaries -tubular secretion: certain tubule cells transport additional solutes from the blood into the filtrate
- Define filtration -movement of water, ions & small molecules move across the filtration membrane into Bowman’s capsule to filtrate
- How much plasma becomes filtrate? -19%
- How many liters of filtrate are made every day? -180 liters 21.How much of the actually becomes urine? -1% or less
- T or F – large molecules pass through filtration membrane-false
- What determines filtration pressure? -3 forces
- Define tubular reabsorption -removal of water, glucose, amino acids & ions from filtrate into peritubular capillaries 25.How much filtrate re-enters circulation?*
26.Name some of the molecules & ions reabsorbed in the proximal tubule -sodium, water, calcium, glucose, fructose
- What is reabsorbed in the thin limb of the loop of Henle -sodium, potassium, chloride 28.Which part of the loop is NOT permeable to water? -ascending loop of henle
- Where does the reabsorbed fluid go? -to the bloodstream through the peritubular capillaries 30.How does water move out of the nephron -through diffusion
43.Does ANH decrease or increase blood pressure -ANH increases BP
- Make sure you understand when each hormone is needed and used*
- How does urine exit the body? -through the ureter
- Normally, urine movement is under what type of NS control -parasympathetic
- T or F – micturition reflex is processed in the spinal cord -false
- Why don’t we pee our pants all the time. – what mechanism helps with this* -external urethra sphincter 49.The small tubes that carry urine away from the kidneys are; ureter
- How much urine can the bladder store? -1000 ml of urine
List the ways we gain and lose water in and out of our bodies.*
52.What compartments store water?* -
- Name the different mechanisms we have for regulation of acid-base balance -buffer system, respiratory system, by the kidneys
- Define acidosis and the two types of acidosis -Acidosis is when the pH of the blood falls below 7.35(respiratory & metabolic acidosis)
- Define alkalosis and the two types of alkalosis -Alkalosis is when the pH of the blood increases above 7.45(metabolic & respiratory alkalosis)
Chapter 16
DIGESTIVE
- What are the functions of the digestive system? -take in & break down food, absorb digested material, provide nutrients, eliminate wastes
- List the order of the digestive tract from mouth to out -mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum & anus
- What are the layers of the digestive system? Mucosa, sub mucosa, adventitia(serosa), muscularis
- Which layer contains blood vessels, nerves and glands -sub mucosa
- Which layer secretes the mucous? -mucosa
- What are the accessory structures of the digestive system? -salivary glands, liver, pancreas
- What layer allows for movement of food? -muscularis layer
- When peritoneum is presents, the layer is called serosa when it is not, it is called adventitia
- What is a mesentery? -connective tissue on organs in abdominal cavity
- What is the peritoneum? -walls of the abdominal cavity
- What is in the oral cavity? -First part of the digestive system
23.What joins the stomach to the esophagus? -cardiac sphincter
- Why does heartburn occur -It occurs because there is too much gastric juice into the esophagus
- What are the phases of swallowing? -voluntary phase, esophageal phase, pharyngeal phase
- What is a bolus? -This is a mass of food 27.Where is the stomach located? -in the abdomen 28.What does the stomach produce to break down food? -hydrochloric acid
- What is the acidity of the stomach?
- How many layers are in the muscularis layer -3 layers
- What are those layers called? -oblique,circular,longitudinal
- Define rugae -large temporary folds in the mucosa & sub mucosa
- What is the function of the 3 layers of the muscularis? -allow stomach to stretch
- Where is the pyloric junction? -between the stomach & duodenum
- What is the sphincter that stops food from the stomach from going into the small intestine? -cardiac sphincter
- Where is the cardiac opening and sphincter of the stomach? -sphincter(around pyloric opening), cardiac opening(near the heart)
- What are the 5 epithelial cells in the stomach lining? -chief, endocrine, parietal, surface mucous, mucous neck cells
- What does each produce? -chief cells produce pepsinogen -endocrine cells produce regulatory chemicals -parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid -surface mucous & mucous neck cells produce mucus
- What are gastric pits? -opening for the gastric glands
- What are mixing waves? -waves that mix food to form chime
- How often does the stomach empty? -every 4 hours
- What are hunger pangs? -when the stomach is stimulated to contract by low blood glucose levels
- What is chyme? -paste like substance that forms when food begins to be broken down
- What are the 3 phases of stomach secretions? -cephalic phase: stomach secretions are increased in anticipation to incoming food -gastric phase: gastric secretions occur -intestinal phase: negative feedback loop inhibit gastric secretions
- What enzymes are released from SI during digestion to break down food? -disaccharidases, peptidases
- What is the function of the large intestine? -absorption of water
- How long does it take for food to pass through the LI? -18-24 hours
- What are the parts of the LI? -cecum, colon, rectal, anal canal
- Where is the appendix found? -cecum
- What is the iliocecal junction? -at the junction of the ileum & colon
- What are the parts of the colon? -ascending, transverse, descending & sigmoid regions
- What is the rectum? -straight tube that ends at the anal canal
- What is removed via the anal canal? -feces
- Where is the liver? -right upper quadrant of abdomen 67.Be able to name all the liver ducts we discussed*
- How does bile enter the duodenum -through the gall bladder
- What is the function of the gallbladder -stores & concentrates bile
- Where is it? -inferior surface of liver
- What is bile? -a substance produced by the liver
- What are the functions of the liver? -emulsifies fats & excretory products
- What is the cystic duct? -joins common hepatic duct from gall bladder
- Where does it originate? -gall bladder
- What does the liver synthesize? -new molecules
- What new molecules does the liver make? -blood proteins
- T/F pancreas only has endocrine functions-false 78.What causes the pancreas to release secretions? -cholecystokinin
- Where is secretin released from? -duodenum
- What are the 4 stages of the digestive process? -digestion, propulsion, absorption, defecation
- Where does absorption occur -duodenum & jejunum
- Where are carbs broken down
