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Biology 189 final exam Arizona college of nursing MIDTERM REVISION QUESTIONS, Exams of Biomedicine

Queen Mary, University of London (QMUL)Biomedicine

Biology 189 final exam arizona college of nursing MIDTERM REVISION QUESTIONS

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 09/13/2024

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Biology 189 final exam arizona college of
nursing MIDTERM REVISION
QUESTIONS
Where does glycolysis take place? - Solution cytoplasm
Glycolysis: What goes in? (Reactants?) - Solution Glucose
Gylcolysis: What comes out? (How many ATP, and what are the products?)
- Solution 2 ATP. pyruvate
Where does the Krebs Cycle take place in the cell? - Solution
mitochondrial matrix
Krebs Cycle / Acetic acid cycle What goes in? (Reactants?) - Solution
acetyl coenzyme A
Krebs Cycle / Acetic acid cycle
What comes out (products) - Solution 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 16ATP, 2CO2
Where does the electron transport chain take place in the cell? - Solution
Inner MEMBRANE mitochondria
Electron transport chain
What goes in? - Solution Hydrogen
Electron transport chain
What comes out? - Solution ATP
How does a hydrogen ion gradient result potential energy? - Solution
NADH + H AND FADH2 are oxidated and lose the positive hydrogen.
What is generated as a result of hydrogen ions being pumped back across
the mitochondrial membrane? - Solution ATP
What particle combines oxygen and hydrogen ions to form water? -
Solution Complex 4, cytochrome C oxidase
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Download Biology 189 final exam Arizona college of nursing MIDTERM REVISION QUESTIONS and more Exams Biomedicine in PDF only on Docsity!

Biology 189 final exam arizona college of

nursing MIDTERM REVISION

QUESTIONS

Where does glycolysis take place? - Solution cytoplasm Glycolysis: What goes in? (Reactants?) - Solution Glucose Gylcolysis: What comes out? (How many ATP, and what are the products?)

  • Solution 2 ATP. pyruvate Where does the Krebs Cycle take place in the cell? - Solution mitochondrial matrix Krebs Cycle / Acetic acid cycle What goes in? (Reactants?) - Solution acetyl coenzyme A Krebs Cycle / Acetic acid cycle What comes out (products) - Solution 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 16ATP, 2CO Where does the electron transport chain take place in the cell? - Solution Inner MEMBRANE mitochondria Electron transport chain What goes in? - Solution Hydrogen Electron transport chain What comes out? - Solution ATP How does a hydrogen ion gradient result potential energy? - Solution NADH + H AND FADH2 are oxidated and lose the positive hydrogen. What is generated as a result of hydrogen ions being pumped back across the mitochondrial membrane? - Solution ATP What particle combines oxygen and hydrogen ions to form water? - Solution Complex 4, cytochrome C oxidase

What is the final electron acceptor for oxidative phosphorylation? - Solution Oxygen From start to finish, approximately how many ATP molecules are generated from one molecules of ATP that gets processed in aerobic respiration? - Solution 34-36 ATP What is produced from lactate fermentation? Alcohol fermentation? - Solution Lactate and alcohol,CO What are the basic steps of replication? - Solution DNA strands separate, primers hybridize, DNA Polymerase Assembles Nucleotides, Two DNA Molecules Are Produced Helicase - Solution An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks. primer - Solution A short segment of DNA that acts as the starting point for a new strand Polymerase - Solution an enzyme that brings about the formation of a particular polymer, especially DNA or RNA. Ligase - Solution An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment What are base pairs? - Solution Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine What does guanine pair with during DNA replication? - Solution Cytosine What does cytosine pair with during DNA replication? - Solution Guanine If guanine makes of 25% of the bases in a DNA double helix: What percent of the bases are cytosine? Adenine? Thymine? - Solution 25% Group the following into levels of organizations -DNA -Sister chromatids -Chromosomes - Solution

During transcription from DNA to RNA, you have the following DNA template. - Solution 3' GTACGCTCA 5' What will be the resulting RNA strand? - Solution 5' CATGCGAGT 3' mRNA - Solution messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome tRNA (transfer RNA) - Solution The form of RNA that carries each amino acid to the ribsome to form the polypeptide chain (protein) rRNA (ribosomal RNA) - Solution directs the translation of mRNA into proteins What is the role of RNA polymerase? - Solution -binds to DNA during transcription and separates the DNA strands -then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which to assemble nucleotides into a complementary strand of RNA Is RNA usually double stranded or single stranded? - Solution single stranded During transcription, which RNA nucleotide pairs with DNA's adenine? - Solution Uracil What is gene expression? - Solution the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis, includes two stages: transcription and translation Where does translation take place? Which organelle? - Solution cytoplasm in ribosomes What is a codon? - Solution a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule. What is an exon? - Solution An expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein What is an intron? - Solution sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein (noncoding)

deletion mutation - Solution a mutation in which one or more pairs of nucleotides are removed from a gene substitution mutation - Solution Mutation in which a single base is replaced, potentially altering the gene product. Insertion - Solution A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene. Are mutations in exons or introns more likely to result in an altered protein?

  • Solution Exons Are mutations permanent or temporary changes in the DNA sequence? - Solution Permanent changes in the DNA Hershey and Chase - Solution concluded that the genetic material of the bacteriophage was DNA, not protein. Rosalind Franklin - Solution Used X-ray diffraction to discover the double- helical structure of DNA. Watson and Crick - Solution Developed the double helix model of DNA. Avery - Solution genes are composed of DNA , DNA (not proteins) can transform the properties of cells Erwin Chargaff - Solution the ratios of adenine (A) to thymine (T) and guanine (G) to cytosine (C) are equal. What are HeLa cells? Where did they come from? What kind of cells are they? Why are they used? - Solution HeLa cells were the first human cells that researchers could grow and multiply endlessly in the lab. They are cancer cells from cervical cancer. What are the cell cycle stages? - Solution Interphase G1, G0, S, G2,Mitosis, cytoplasmic division Which stages are specifically part of mitosis? - Solution Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Is the number of chromosomes in diploid cells half, double, or quadruple that of haploid cells? - Solution Haploid cells have half the number of chromosomes (n) as diploid - a haploid cell contains only one complete set of chromosomes. What is an autosome? - Solution Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome What is a sex chromosome? - Solution a chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism, typically one of two kinds. What is nondisjunction? - Solution Failure for chromosomes to separate properly. When does nondisjunction occur? - Solution when chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis In which stage of the cell cycle is DNA replicated? - Solution S phase What is down syndrome caused by? what is the result? - Solution Trisomy 21,distinct facial appearance, intellectual disability, developmental delays What is Marfan's syndrome? - Solution genetic condition that affects the body's connective tissue. Why are males more likely to exhibit X-linked disorders such as Fragile X syndrome? - Solution Because females have two copies of the X chromosome and males have only one X chromosome What is the equator of the cell? - Solution the central plane of the spindle in a dividing cell When does crossing over occur during cell division? - Solution between prophase I and metaphase I When do sister chromatids separate during mitosis? Meiosis? - Solution Anaphase, anaphase 1

How many daughter cells are produced by mitosis? Meiosis? Are they haploid or diploid? - Solution 2 daughter cells mitosis , 4 daughter cells meiosis - haploid What part of the DNA might be the only physiological barrier to immortality?

  • Solution Telomeres What is an oncogene? - Solution a gene that in certain circumstances can transform a cell into a tumor cell. What is a tumor suppressor gene? - Solution a gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer (put the brakes on the cell cycle.) What is a tumor? - Solution a mass of abnormal cells What is cancer? - Solution the disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body. What does benign mean? - Solution non-cancerous What does malignant mean? - Solution cancerous What does homozygous mean? - Solution chromosomes with the same allele of a gene. What does heterozygous mean? - Solution two different alleles What is a genotype? - Solution genetic makeup of an organism (set of alleles that occur in an individual's chromosomes.) What is a phenotype? - Solution physical characteristics of an organism What is a dominant trait? - Solution allele that masks the effect of a recessive allele What is a recessive trait? - Solution allele with an effect that is masked by a dominant allele In pedigree charts, what do the following represent? Shaded square