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Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia, Genetic Factors, Dopamine Hypothesis, Enlarged Ventricles, Degree of Genetic Relatedness, Adoption Studies, Brain Chemicals, Down the Neurotransmitter, Reused Neurotransmitter are some key points from this lecture of Cognitive Developmental Psychology. This lecture is part of complete lecture series on this subject. All series is available in my files.
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BATs All must - Outline at least one biological explanation of schizophrenia (D) Most should - Evaluate the biological explanation of schizophrenia (B) Some could - Explain why a diathesis-stress relationship must be considered. (A)
Adoption studies
In groups of 2 or 3. Use page 164 and the following notes. Each person concentrates on one aspect above and writes a summary on the worksheet provided. Then teach each other what you have learnt and fill in the other sections of the worksheet
Source: Gottesman (1991)
Prevalence amongst biological relatives
Prevalence among adoptive relatives
Kety et al (1968) schizophrenia only 13%^ 2%
Tienari et al (1994) all ‘severe’ psych. diagnoses
30% 15%
Vesicles release neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitter binds to receptors & activates them
Excess neurotransmitter is taken up by the pre-synaptic neurone
Vesicles are replenished with new & reused neurotransmitter
(^) Overdose of amphetamine (DA agonist)
can produce S-like symptoms. S patients have abnormally large responses to low amphetamine doses (^) Suggests a role for Dopamine in Schizophrenia symptoms (^) Suggests that the issue is over-sensitivity to Dopamine rather than excessive Dopamine levels
(^) S symptoms can be treated with Dopamine
antagonists (e.g. chlorpromazine). These are effective in 60% of cases with more impact on positive symptoms. (^) Supports role of Dopamine again, but what about 40% who don’t respond? (^) Lack of impact on negative symptoms hints at two separate syndromes
Evaluating Biological
Explanations of Schizophrenia
Commentary - Genetics
(^) Consistent evidence for abnormal brain
functioning in S patients but no single factor identified. (^) Two syndromes? One caused by DA activity & associated with +ve symptoms; other caused by brain degeneration & associated with –ve symptoms. (^) Cause & effect issues everywhere (^) Confounding effects of drug treatment
