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BIOL 319 TAMU COHN Exam 1-Graded A
Define Anatomy - ANSWER-the scientific discipline that investigates the body's structures Define Developmental Anatomy - ANSWER-studies the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood Define Embryology - ANSWER-subspecialty of developmental anatomy, studies changes from conception to the end of the 8th week of development Define Cytology - ANSWER-examines the structural features of cells Define Histology - ANSWER-examines tissues, which are composed of cells and the materials surrounding them Define Gross Anatomy - ANSWER-the study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope How is the body studied in regional anatomy? - ANSWER-area by area How is the body studied in systemic anatomy? - ANSWER-system by system Define System - ANSWER-a group of structures that have one or more common function Define Surface Anatomy - ANSWER-involves looking at the exterior of the body to visualize structures deeper inside the body Who was the first medical scientist to use x-rays? - ANSWER-Wilhelm Roentgen Define Anatomical Anomalies - ANSWER-physical characteristics that differ from the normal pattern Define Physiology - ANSWER-the scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things What are the major goals of studying human physiology? - ANSWER-to understand and predict the body's responses to stimuli and to understand how the body maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in a constantly changing environment Define Cell Physiology - ANSWER-examines the processes occurring in cells
Define Systemic Physiology - ANSWER-considers the functions of organ systems Define Neurophysiology - ANSWER-focuses on the nervous system Define Cardiovascular Physiology - ANSWER-deals with the heart and blood vessels Define Pathology - ANSWER-the medical science dealing with all aspects of disease with an emphasis on the cause and development of abnormal conditions as well as the structural and functional changes resulting from disease Define Exercise Physiology - ANSWER-focuses on changes in structure and function caused by disease Name the six levels at which the body can be studied - ANSWER-chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism Define Organization - ANSWER-refers to the specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism Define Metabolism - ANSWER-all of the chemical reactions taking place in the cells and internal environment of an organism Define Responsiveness - ANSWER-an organism's ability to sense changes in its internal or external environment Define Differentiation - ANSWER-involves changes in a cell's structure and function from an immature, generalized state to a mature, specialized state Define Morphogenesis - ANSWER-the change in the shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism Define Reproduction - ANSWER-the formation of new cells or new organisms Who is considered the first modern anatomist? - ANSWER-Andreas Vesalius Define Homeostasis - ANSWER-the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body Give two examples of homeostatic mechanisms - ANSWER-sweating and shivering Define Negative-Feedback - ANSWER-the response to the original stimulus results in deflation from the set point, becoming smaller What are the three components of a negative feedback mechanism? - ANSWER- receptor, control center, effector
stratum lucidum - ANSWER-thin, clear zone above stratum granulosum made of dead cells with indistinct boundaries stratum corneum - ANSWER-25+ layers of overlapping squamous cells cornfield cells - ANSWER-dead cells with hard protein envelope and filled with keratin thick skin - ANSWER-has all 5 strata and the stratum corneum has many layers where is thick skin found? - ANSWER-found in areas subject to lots of pressure and friction, hairless thin skin - ANSWER-more flexible than thick skin, covers the rest of the body, strata are thinner, has hair dermis - ANSWER-connective tissues what cells are in the dermis? - ANSWER-fibroblasts, adipocytes, and macrophages T/F: The dermis contains mostly collagen fibers, but some elastic and reticular fibers - ANSWER-true T/F: the dermis is avasuclar - ANSWER-false Papillary layer - ANSWER-loose connective tissue with thin fibers, give us fingerprints bone reabsorption process - ANSWER-osteoclasts access bone matrix, form attachment structures, podosomes develop and form a sealed compartment under the osteoclast ruffled border - ANSWER-specialized reabsorption-specifc area of the membrane osteochondral progenitor cells - ANSWER-stem cells that can become osteoblasts or chondroblasts woven bone - ANSWER-first type of bone that osteoblasts form during ossification bone remodeling - ANSWER-the process of removing old bone and adding new bone lamellar bone - ANSWER-mature bone that is organized into thin concentric sheets or layers called lamellae
osteon - ANSWER-the functional unit of a long bone concentric lamellae - ANSWER-circular layers of bone matrix that surround the central canal circumferential lamellae - ANSWER-the outer surfaces of compact bone interstitial lamellae - ANSWER-remnants of concentric or circumferential lamellae that were partially removed during bone remodeling diaphysis - ANSWER-shaft of the bone epiphysis - ANSWER-part of the bone that develops from a center of ossification distinct from the diaphysis periosteum - ANSWER-double-layered connective tissue covering the outer surface of a bone endosteum - ANSWER-thin connective tissue membrane lining the inner cavities of bone epiphyseal plate - ANSWER-area of hyaline cartilage between the diaphysis and epiphysis; cartilage growth followed by endochondral ossification results in growth in bone length spongy bone - ANSWER-bone having many small spaces; found mainly in the epiphysis; arranged into trabeculae compact bone - ANSWER-dense bone with few internal spaces organized into osteons; forms the diaphysis and covers the spongy bone of the epiphyses medullary cavity - ANSWER-large cavity within the diaphysis red marrow - ANSWER-connective tissue in the spaces of spongy bone or in the medullary cavity; the site of blood cell production yellow marrow - ANSWER-fat stored within the medullary cavity or in the spaces of spongy bone perforating fibers - ANSWER-strengthen the attachment of the tendons or ligaments to the bone intramembranous ossification - ANSWER-bone forms from preexisting connective tissue membranes
apocrine glands - ANSWER-cause of body oder, open into hair follicles, found in axillae and genitalia and around the anus, become active at puberty ceruminous glands - ANSWER-modified eccrine glands in the ear canal, release cerumin mammary glands - ANSWER-modified apocrine glands in the breasts that produce milk ___________ nail root and _________ nail body - ANSWER-proximal, distal T/F: The nail fold covers lateral edges - ANSWER-true T/F: nail grove holds the middle of the nail in place - ANSWER-false Cuticle - ANSWER-part of skin that grows onto nail body hyponychium - ANSWER-portion of stratum corneum under free edge of nail body function of the nail matrix - ANSWER-forms nail root nail bed - ANSWER-attaches to nail; between nail matrix and hyponychium lunula - ANSWER-portion of nail bed that appears whitish what is a burn? - ANSWER-injury to a tissue cause by heat, cold, friction, chemicals, electricity, or radiation partial-thickness burns are classified as - ANSWER-first and second degree burns first degree burn - ANSWER-involve only epidermis and may result in redness, pain, and slight swelling second degree burn - ANSWER-damage epidermis and dermis full thickness burns - ANSWER-third degree burns third degree burn - ANSWER-epidermis and dermis are completely destroyed along with sensory receptors and deeper tissue may be involved; painless What are the four major parts of the skeletal system? - ANSWER-bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments What are the functions of the skeletal system? - ANSWER-body support, organ protection, body movement, mineral storage, blood cell production
What are the three types of cartilage? - ANSWER-hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage chondroblasts - ANSWER-produce a matrix surrounding themselves chondrocyte - ANSWER-a chondroblast surrounded by the matrix, occupies a lacuna perichondrium - ANSWER-protective connective tissue sheath articular cartilage - ANSWER-hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints, has no perichondrium, blood vessels, or nerves two types of cartilage growth - ANSWER-appositional and interstitial appositional growth - ANSWER-chondroblasts in the perichondrium add new cartilage to the outside edge of the existing cartilage interstitial growth - ANSWER-chondrocytes in the center of the tissue divide and add more matrix between the existing cells three types of bone cells - ANSWER-osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts osteoblasts - ANSWER-bone-forming cells, produce collagen and proteoglycans, release matrix vesicles matrix vesicles - ANSWER-contain high concentrations of calcium and phosphate ossification - ANSWER-formation of new bone by osteoblasts, appositional growth osteocytes - ANSWER-an osteoblast that has secreted enough bone matrix to become surrounded by the cell lacunae - ANSWER-spaces without matrix but occupied by the osteocyte cell bodies canaliculi - ANSWER-the spaces occupied by the osteocyte cell extensions osteoclasts - ANSWER-bone-destroying cells, perform reabsorption, or breakdown of bone What happens in endochondral ossification? - ANSWER-bone forms from a preexisting cartilage model centers of ossification - ANSWER-where ossification begins fontanels - ANSWER-soft spots
