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BIOD 152/A & P 2 PORTAGE LEARNING EXAM FINAL
BIOD 152 EXAMS ACCURATE ANSWERS
This is a bundle of axons found in the peripheral nervous system. - Answer Nerve This part of the autonomic system increases digestion. - Answer Parasympathetic The dorsal root of a nerve contains what type of neurons? - Answer Sensory (afferent) This part of a neuron conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body. - Answer Axon A neuron going to the bicep of the forearm is part of the: A. central nervous system B. peripheral nervous system C. Autonomic system D. Somatic system E. A&C F. B&D - Answer F. B&D The neuron pictured, below, is best described as: A. Bipolar B. Multipolar C. Unipolar D. Pseudounipolar - Answer B. Multipolar True or false: Neurons do not physically touch one another. - Answer True Describe the synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters. - Answer The neuron cell body manufactures neurotransmitters, which are stored in secretory vesicles at the end of axon terminals An efferent neuron carries information: A. From the central to the peripheral nervous system B. From the peripheral to the central nervous system C. Within the central nervous system D. Within the peripheral nervous system - Answer A. From the central to the peripheral nervous system A postsynaptic neuron would be found: A. before the synapse B. after the synapse
C. inside the synapse D. Only in the central nervous system - Answer B. after the synapse What is the location and function of Satellite cells? - Answer Location: peripheral nervous system (PNS) Function: Regulation of environment of neuron cell bodies A patient's spinal cord was severed in a car accident. Would the patient be expected to regrow axons in their spinal cord? Why or why not? - Answer No, only the peripheral system axons are capable of regeneration. The spinal cord is the central nervous system Name and describe what is occurring in the neuron cell membrane in section 4 of the diagram. Include the charge of the membrane during this phase. - Answer This is phase 4: afterpolarization (hyperpolarization), the potassium gates are slow to clse and that results in an undershoot of the potential, the voltage will drop below -70mV and the return to the restign state beings. At rest, a neuron plasma membrane is: A. -70 mV B. +40 mV C. Hyperpolarized D. Depolarized - Answer A. -70 mV Which of the following is false concerning the sodium-potassium pump? A. it maintains the resting phase of an axon B. For every three sodium ions pumped out, two potassium ions are pumped in C. it must remain in constant operation to maintain the resting state D. The overall effect is a negative charge on the outside of the membrane - Answer D. The overall effect is a negative charge on the outside of the membrane True or false: A sensory neuron is signaling the body of extreme pain. This means that the strength of the action potential is greater than usual. Explain your reasoning - Answer False, there is no variation in the strength of action potentials. (It is an all-or- nothing response). There is variation in the number and frequency of neurons firing Which of the following statements is false concerning the neuromuscular junction? A. Sodium ions release from the presynaptic motor neuron B. Calcium ions release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to cause muscle contraction C. Sodium channels open on the muscle fibers in response to the neurotransmitter D. The NMJ is found in the peripheral nervous system - Answer A. Sodium ions release from the presynaptic motor neuron What prevents continuous stimulation of a nerve synapse and how is this
prevents coninous stimulation. Some synapses contain enzymes that rapidly inactivate neurotransmitters and other synpases rapidly absord the neurotransmitters. What neurotransmitter is found at the neuromuscular junctions? - Answer Acetylcholine (ACh) True or False: Action potentials travel in multiple directions within the same neuron. - Answer False (only one direction in the same neuron) True or False: Reflexes occur only with conscious intervention from the brain
- Answer False Fill in the blank: In a reflex, the neuron conducts nerve impulses along a pathway towards the central nervous system. - Answer sensory (afferent) Where is the integration center of a reflex located? - Answer CNS (central nervous system) Which of the following is false about reflexes? A. Reflexes do not require higher levels of voluntary processing from the brain B.Regulation of blood sugar by hormones is one example of a reflex C. Some reflexes can be tested to determine injury D. Pulling a hand away from a hot flame is not a reflex; it is entirely voluntary - Answer D. Pulling a hand away from a hot flame is not a reflex; it is entirely voluntary What is false about the stretch reflex? A. the effect of the motor signal is to relax a muscle B. The patellar reflex test the stretch reflex of the quadriceps femoris C. The muscle is spindle detects stretch within the muscle D. Stretch reflexes help to decrease the stretch on a muscle - Answer A. The effect of the motor signal is to relax a muscle What is true about the flexor withdrawal reflex? A. It does not involve interneurons B. It involves excitatory interneurons C. It involves inhibitory interneurons D. The effect of the reflex is to create a co-contraction of two muscles E. A&D F. B& C - Answer F. B&C Your doctor taps on your patellar tendon. List out the steps, in detail, of the nervous pathway of the reflex he is testing. Include any sensory organs involved and the action of the reflex. - Answer Stretch reflex: Stretch on patellar tendon (tapping patellar tendon), muscle spindle detects stretch, afferent (sensory) neuron through the DRG, spinal cord, synapses directly on a motor neuron (efferent)
No interneuron action: to muscle fiber to contract quadriceps (kicking foot) Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease which attacks the myelin sheath of the nerve axon. Patients with this disease may experience difficulty using the muscles of their arms and legs. Explain why this would occur. - Answer Myelin increase nerve conduction speed and protects the nerve. If the myelin is damaged, the conduction speed would be slower than normal, and the nerve axon itself would be vulnerable to permanent damage without the myelin present for protection This layer of the meninges is tightly attached to the brain. - Answer Pia mater (menix) The fissure separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
- Answer Median longitudinal Describe the function of the brain ventricles. - Answer There are four ventricles in the interior of the brain, chambers filled with CSF which is produced there. Once formed the CSF circulates through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space bathing and floating the brain All the following are functions of the hypothalamus except: A. maintain homeostasis B. controls the pituitary gland C. links the nervous and endocrine systems D. relays sensory impulses to the cerebrum - Answer D. Relays sensory impulses to the cerebrum This ventricle is located anterior to the cerebellum. A. lateral B. Medial C. Third D. Fourth - Answer D. Fourth This region of the brain acts to coordinate multiple sources of sensory information. A. Primary sensory cortex B. Primary motor cortex C. Association area D. Precentral gyrus E. Postcentral gyrus - Answer C. Association area A patient is having difficulty producing speech sounds, but other motor movements are normal. Which area of the brain is most likely damaged? A. Broca's area B. Wernicke's area C. Occipital lobe D. Parietal lobe
- Lateral column
- Posterior Medain sulcus
- DRG What cranial nerve is highlighted in blue (also indicated by the arrow) in the figure below? A. Optic B. Oculomotor C. Trochlear D. Abducens E. Spinal accessory - Answer B. Oculomotor What type of nerve is the cranial nerve below and what does it control? (Highlighted in blue, also indicated by the arrow) A. Mixed; sensation of digestive tract and regulation of heart rate B. Motor; tongue movement C. Sensory: hearing and balance D. Mixed; Facial muscles and taste - Answer D. Mixed; facial muscles and taste Which of the following is true about the trigeminal nerve? A. The mandibular branch receives sensory information from taste buds B. The ophthalmic branch controls eye movements C. The maxillary branch receives information from the upper lip D. The maxillary branch controls the muscles of mastication - Answer C. The maxillary branch receives information from the upper lip Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Answer by writing the letter (A- J) from the figure that corresponds with the correct cranial nerve.
- This cranial nerve receives sensory information for smell.
- This cranial nerve controls the inferior oblique muscle.
- This cranial nerve has three branches.
- This cranial nerve is responsible for taste on the anterior portion of the tongue.
11: - Answer 1. Lateral column
- Gray commissure
- Anterior column
- Anterior/Ventral Horn
- Ventral Root
Label the nerves (A-C) in the figure below: A: B: C: - Answer A. Radial B. Ulnar
- This cranial nerve is responsible for taste on the posterior portion of the tongue. - Answer 1. A (olfactory)
- C (oculomotor)
- D (trigeminal)
- F (Facial)
- H (Glossopharyngeal) The lumbar plexus is from spinal nerves: A. T12- L B. L04-SO C. C01-C D. L01-S01 - Answer A. T12-L A patient is on a ventilator post a car accident. What region of the spine is most likely damaged? A. L01-L B. S01- S C.T01-T D.C03-C05 - Answer D. C03-C A patient damaged the radial nerve. What action is most likely limited? A. Elbow flexion B. Hip Extension C. Wrist flexion D. Wrist extension - Answer D. wrist extension A patient has decreased sensation over the posterior surface of the thigh. What nerve is most likely damaged? A. Femoral B. Sciatic C. Saphenous D. Common fibular nerve - Answer B. Sciatic Which of the following is true concerning the brachial plexus? A. Roots are located furthest from the spinal cord B. There are anterior and posterior divisions C. Divisions branch next into two cord: anterior and posterior D. The posterior cord forms the median nerve - Answer B. There are anterior and posterior divisions
The middle layer of the eye includes which regions?
A. aqueous humor and cornea B. Ciliary body and iris C. Cones and rods D. optic nerve and retina - Answer B. Ciliary body and iris True or false: The more numerous type of photoreceptors are rods. - Answer True What is the correct order of how light passes through the eye? A. Cornea, lens, pupil, retina B. Lens, retina, cornea, pupil C. Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, retina D. Lens, vitreous fluid, cornea, retina - Answer C. Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, retina A patient had a CVA in the area indicated by the red x in the figure, below. What type of blindness is the patient most likely to incur? Explain your reasoning A. Left eye blindness B. Right eye blindness C. Bilateral left visual field blindness D. Bilateral right visual field blindness. - Answer C The right optic tract is damaged. All the sensory information from the left visual fields travels together after the optic chiasm to the right side of the brain A patient is found to have blindness in the right eye. What part of the vision pathway was most likely damaged? Explain your response A. Optic chiasm B. Occipital lobe C. Left optic nerve D. Right optic nerve - Answer D Information from the right visual field has not yet crossed at the optic chiasm. Both peripheral and nasal fields of the right eye would be missing True or False: The lateral fibers of the optic nerves cross at the optic chiasm. - Answer False - medial fibers cross The is controlled by the trochlear nerve. A. superior rectus B. medial rectus C. lateral rectus D. superior oblique - Answer D. superior oblique
C. The malleus receives vibrations from the stapes D. The stapes receives vibrations from the cochlea - Answer B. It is filled with air Which of the following statement is true regarding the inner ear? A. the organ of corti is responsible for the body's auditory sense B. It is filled with air C. The cochlea is responsible for the body's vestibular sense D. There are two semicircular canals which house sensory receptors - Answer A. The organ of corti is responsible for the body's auditory sense Place the terms (A-H) in the correct order for the hearing pathway. Note: not all terms will be used. Sound waves are funneled in the 1. Vibrations push against the 2 which moves the ossicles. The stapes pushes against the 3. Movement of the 4 causes neurons to send impulses through the 5 to the brain. - Answer 1: auditory canal 2: tympanic membrane 3: Cochlear duct 4: Stereocilia 5: Cochlear nerve Label the figure below with the correct papillae: (A-C). A: B: C: - Answer A: Filiform B: Circumvallate C: Fungiform True or false: Olfaction is a chemical sense activated by chemical substances dissolved in the nasal mucous membranes. - Answer True Which of the following is not one of the primary odors in humans? A. Floral B. Musky C. Pungent D. Putrid E. Pheromones - Answer E. Pheromones A person cannot perceive tastes from the posterior portion of the tongue. What nerve is most likely damaged? - Answer Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
A bolus is formed by the? A. Nasal Mucosa B. Tongue C. Temporal lobe D. Oculomotor nerve - Answer B. Tongue The papillae that do not contain taste buds are - Answer Filiform papillae A patient has lost his sense of smell following a car accident. What term should be documented should to describe his loss of smell? - Answer Anosmia True or False: The tongue only contains receptors that are chemoreceptors for taste. - Answer False Describe the steps in the olfactory pathway. Begin in the nasal cavity and end in the specific lobe of the brain. - Answer -Chemicals dissolve in nasal mucosa -Detected by olfactory receptors (bipolar cells) -Olfactory nerves, olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, temporal lobe A patient sustains an injury to the malleus. What type of deafness does this patient most likely have? Explain your answer - Answer Conduction deafness occurs from damage to the outer or middle ear structures. The malleus is part of the middle ear structures The circulatory system is response for which of the following functions? A. Supply cells with oxygen B. Transportation of gases C. Rid cells of waste D. Prevents loss of blood E. All the above - Answer E. All the above The pericardial cavity contains in the: A. lungs B. heart C. descending aorta D. circle of willis - Answer B. Heart Which layer of heart anchors it to the diaphragm? A. Endocardium B. Mediastinal C. Myocardium D. Pericardium - Answer D. Pericardium
The left and right veins carry blood next to the superior vena cava. A. Brachiocephalic B. Common carotid C. Subclavian D. Aortic arch - Answer A. Brachiocephalic A patient had a stroke in their pons portion of the brainstem. What vessel was most likely blocked? A. Anterior cerebral artery B. Posterior cerebral artery C. Basilar artery D. Vertebral artery - Answer C. Basilar artery These two arteries of the circle of Willis rise along both sides of the spinal cord, joining in the brainstem: - Answer Vertebral arteries (left and right) What is the name of the artery in the figure below (in blue also indicated by the arrow)?
- Answer Anterior communicating Use the figure below to answer the following question. Portion A is filled with air. This part of the medical equipment (B-F) releases the air from A. - Answer A (bladder), is filled with air. The bulb (F) is portion that is squeezed to inflate the bladder with air. The bladder is held in placeover an artery by the cuff (C), The manometer (B) displays the pressure in millimeters of mercury.The pressure is slowly released by the valve (E) empyting the bladder and allowing blood to flow throught. The stethoscope (D) is used to listen for the first and last sounds of blood flow. E. the valve True or False: The liquid portion of blood is called formed elements. - Answer False True or False: Hydrostatic pressure is the net pressure which pushes fluid into the tissues. - Answer True The portion of blood responsible for maintaining blood pH is: A. Plasma B. Serum C. Formed elements D. Hydrostatic elements - Answer A. Plasma is a cell fragment from a large bone marrow cell: A. White blood cells B. Red blood cells
C. Megakaryocytes D. Platelets - Answer D. Platelets Which statement is false concerning the events in the coagulation cascade? A. Plasmin destroy the fibrin network B. Fibrin is converted to fibrinogen C. Platelets becomes trapped in a fibrin network of threads D. Prothrombin is converted to thrombin - Answer B. Fibrin is converted to fibrinogen The sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be oxygenated. A. Left, systemic circuit B. Right, pulmonary circuit C. Left, pulmonary circuit D. Right, systemic circuit - Answer B. Right, pulmonary circuit The pacemaker of the heart is the: A. Bundle of His B. AV node C. SA node D. Purkinje fibers - Answer C. SA node You are reviewing your patient's results from an EKG. The findings indicate a problem with ventricular depolarization. Where should you look on the EKG to find this abnormal rhythm? A. T-wave B. QRS complex C. The electrical activity cannot be read on an EKG D. P-wave - Answer B. QRS complex Your patient's EKG results indicate difficulty with left and right atrial systole. What part of the conduction system is not functioning properly? A. Atrioventricular node B. SA node C. Bundle of His D. Purkinje fibers - Answer B. SA node Which statement is true concerning the cardiac cycle? A. the dub sound is heard when the semilunar valves close B. The lub sound is heard when the atrioventricular valves close C. The lub sound is heard when the semilunar valves open D. The dub sound is heard when the atrioventricular valves open E. A&B are true F. C&D - Answer E. A&B are true A patient is suspected to have peripheral edema due to heart failure. Which side of the heart would be in failure? Explain your answer. - Answer The right side of the heart
A patient has lymphedema in his right leg. What vessel would most likely be obstructed? A. Thoracic duct B. Right lymphatic duct C. Inferior vena cava D. Femoral vein - Answer A. Thoracic Duct Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning lymph nodes? A. the groin contains a large grouping of lymph nodes B. The axilla contains a large grouping of lymph nodes C. A lymph node is an encapsulated fibrous connective tissue with incoming and outgoing vessels D. There are more efferent vessels than afferent vessels E. A&B are false - Answer D. There are more efferent vessels than afferent vessels Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning the spleen? A. it is found in the left side of the abdomen B. It acts as to remove old platelets in the blood C. It has many efferent and afferent lymph vessels D. It is divided into regions called lobules E. A&B are false - Answer C. It has many efferent and afferent lymph vessels Blood enters the spleen via the. - Answer Splenic artery Blood leaving the spleen flows into this vessel which alsocarries blood drained from the intestines, stomach and pancreas. - Answer hepatic portal system The tonsils contain channels called which trap bacteria. - Answer Crypts Which of the following people would you expect to have the smallest thymus gland? A. newborn infant B. 5-year-old C. 30-year-old D. 75-year-old - Answer D. 75-year-old The thymus produces hormones which helps these types of cells mature? (Select all that apply.) A. T cells B. B cells C. Macrophages D. Neutrophils E. Eosinophils - Answer A. T cells Which of the following is a part of the specific immune response system? (Select all that apply.) A. Normal flora
B. Inflammatory response C. T cells D. B cells E. Stomach acid - Answer C&D Discuss how the body induces a fever. (Be sure to include the cells and regions of the body involved) - Answer During an infection, certain subtypes of interleukins called pyrogens reset the body's thermostat in the hypothalamus. The temperature set-point during homeostasis (normal body temperature) is raised to create a fever This is a located response in the tissue, causing increased blood flow, redness, and pain. - Answer The inflammatory response Match the cell with its best description. Has granules in the nucleus and is the most abundant of the white blood cells. A. Neutrophil B. Eosinophil C. Basophil D. Macrophage E. Monocyte - Answer A. Neutrophil Match the cell with its best description. Select all that apply. Has the greatest phagocytic properties of the white blood cells. A. neutrophil B. Eosinophil C. Basophil D. Macrophage E. Monocyte - Answer D&E Match the cell with its best description. Stains light pink in the cytoplasm with a multi-lobed nucleus. A. Neutrophil B. Eosinophil C. Basophil D. Macrophage E. Monocyte - Answer A. Neutrophil Which type of immune cell rapidly divides and produces antibodies? A. Plasma cells B. Helper T cells C. Killer B cells D. Cytokines
