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This document presents a clear and organized summary of key biochemistry pathways, including glycolysis, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, gluconeogenesis, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and more. Each pathway is outlined with its main steps, enzymes, substrates, products, regulation points, and cellular locations. Ideal for quick revision and exam preparation, this summary serves students and professionals in biochemistry, medicine, and life sciences.
Typology: Schemes and Mind Maps
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Stimulated in well-fed state (4 hrs); cytosolic (+) Insulin, (-) Glycogen, Epinephrine Glucose → 7ATP / 2ATP (Anaerobic in RBCs with no mitochondria) Pyruvate → Lactate (Anaerobic) Substrate level Phos. = 7 and 10 Irreversible = 1, 2, 7, 10
Stimulated in starvation state (20+ hrs); cytosol + mitochondria (Liver and kidney) (-) Insulin, (+) Glycogen, Epinephrine Pyruvate/Lactate/Alanine/Glycerol/Gluconeogenic AA → Glucose 6 ATP used
Stimulated in post-absorptive state (4-18 hrs); Liver and Muscles (+) Insulin, Exercise ; (-) Glycogen, Epinephrine Glycogen → Glucose Glycogen phosphorylase = PID KAP
Stimulated in post-absorptive state (4-18 hrs); Liver and Kidney
FRUCTOSE Muscles and Kidney: Hexokinase Liver: Fructokinase
Liver, Kidney, Heart NADH via Complex I 32 ATP = 1 mol. of Glucose
Muscles and Brain NADH via Complex II 30 ATP = 1 mol. of Glucose
Well-fed state, (+) Insulin, Liver (Cytoplasm) RLE: Acetyl-coA Carboxylase 1 (ACC1) 8 ACoA + 7 ATP + 14 NADPH + 14 H → Palmitate + 8 CoA + 7 ADP = 14 NADP + 6 H2O Malate → Pyruvate via Malic enzyme
Chylomicrons - WFS; ApoB48; from the Gut (Dietary TAGs) VLDL - both WFS and Fasted; ApoB100, from the Liver (Endogenous TAGs) Both MTP requiring = (-) Lomitapide (catalytic inhibitor), (-) Mipomersen (mRNA of ApoB) Glycerol → Glycerol 3-Phosphate via glycerol kinase (LIVER)
LDL - Cholesterol carrier in plasma → Tissues (BAD) HDL - repository of ApoCII and ApoE; reverse cholesterol transport (GOOD) For maturation of VLDL and chylomicrons Harvesters: ABCA1, SR-B1, ABCG
RLE: 7-a hydroxylase Other fate of cholesterol: Cholesteryl esters via ACAT (liver) - transported via VLDL
RLE: 7-a hydroxylase 1 Cycle = 2C cleaved = 1 NADH = 1 FADH2 = 4 ATP Mitochondria = oxidation; Cytosol = biosynthesis
FED STATE → (+) ACC → (+) Malonyl-coA → (-) CPT FASTED STATE → (-) ACC → (-) Malonyl-coA → (+) CPT
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