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(StraighterLine A&P II)|ALREADY
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BIO202 Final Exam Study Guide
(StraighterLine A&P II)
Viscosity of Blood? - ✔️twice as thick as water How long does it take for a drop of blood to circulate through the entire system? - ✔️20-60 seconds What is the composition of Blood - ✔️55% plasma, 45% formed elements, What are the fucntions of blood? - ✔️-Moves regulatory and processed molecules, gasses, waste, and nutrients -Regulats pH and osmosis process -Maintain body temperature -Protect against foreign substances -Assist in clotting What is the composition of plasma? - ✔️91% water 7% proteins 2% other solutes What proteins are found in blood plasma? - ✔️albumin, globulins, fibrinogen What solutes are found in blood plasma? - ✔️Ions, nutrients, waste products, gasses, regulatory substances What are two blood disorders - ✔️Anemia and sickle-cell disease What is sickle-cell disease? - ✔️an abnormal red blood cell that has a crescent shape and an abnormal form of hemoglobin What is anemia? - ✔️a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood How much blood does the heart pump per minute? - ✔️~5 1/4 Quarts per minute
(StraighterLine A&P II)|ALREADY
GRADE A+
What are action potentials? - ✔️Sequence of electrical changes when a nerve membrane receives a stimulus that exceeds a threshold What is depolarization? - ✔️Loss of an electrical charge on the surface of a membrane What is Repolarization? - ✔️Gain of electrical charge on the surface of a membrane What are the functions of the heart? - ✔️generating blood pressure, routing blood, ensuring one-way blood flow, regulating blood supply What are the two divisions of the heart? - ✔️Pulmonary Circuit and Systemic Circuit What are the components of the heart? - ✔️Pericardium, Heart Wall, Chambers, Valves What is the pericardium? - ✔️Double-walled sac that surrounds the heart and reduces friction between pericardial membranes What is the heart wall? - ✔️Three protective layers of tissue What to chambers of the heart do? - ✔️Receive and return blood from and to the body What is the purpose of heart valves? - ✔️prevent back flow of blood, ensure one-directional What are the four valves of the heart? - ✔️The tricuspid and pulmonary valves on the right side, and the mitral and aortic valves on the left side. Blood flow through the heart - ✔️SVC --> Rt atria --> Tricuspid --> Rt ventricle --> Pulmonic valve --> Lungs --> Lt atria --> Mitral valve --> Lt ventricle --> aortic valve --> aorta --> Body Arteries - ✔️carry blood away from the heart, muscular and elastic Veins -
(StraighterLine A&P II)|ALREADY
GRADE A+
What are reticular cells? - ✔️fibroblasts covering and secreting the fiber network What are the lymphatic organs? - ✔️red bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen What are the functions of the lymphatic system? - ✔️fluid balance, fat absorption, defense What are the Lymphatic Body Defenses? - ✔️Edema, Immune System, Lymph Nodes What is edema? - ✔️a condition characterized by an excess of watery fluid collecting in the cavities or tissues of the body. Swelling. What is the immune system? - ✔️The body's cells defense against disease causing organisms. What are lymph nodes? - ✔️Filter interstitial fluid and lymph. Swollen glands mean you are fighting an infection Functions of the respiratory system? - ✔️Gas exchange, Olfaction (ability to smell), protection, regulation of blood pH by managing CO2 levels, Voice production What are the upper respiratory organs? - ✔️nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx What are the lower respiratory organs? - ✔️larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs What are the functions of the sinuses? - ✔️Reduce weight of the Skull, drain mucus into nasal cavity, Serve as resonating chamber to amplify voice What are the functions of the nasal cavity? - ✔️Warms cleanses, and humidifies inhaled air; detects odors in the airstream What is the function of the nose? - ✔️Provides passage to nasal cavity; Prevents large particles from entering the body What is the function of the pharynx? - ✔️passageway for air and food, provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds, and houses the tonsils
(StraighterLine A&P II)|ALREADY
GRADE A+
What is the function of the larynx? - ✔️houses vocal cords; prevents foreign objects such as food and drink from entering trachea Function of the trachea? - ✔️Maintains open passageway for air, filters air with mucus lining Function of the bronchial tree? - ✔️air passageways connecting trachea with alveoli; cleans, warms, and moistens incoming air Functions of the lungs? - ✔️Brings O2 into the body and removes CO2 and some water What are the mechanics of breathing? - ✔️Inspiration, ventilation, gas exchange, transportation expiration What is inspiration? - ✔️Breathing in by diaphrahm moving downward, intercostals contract, pectroalis expands, lungs expand What is expiration - ✔️diaphragm relaxes, lungs and elastic tissues recoil, pressure around alveoli increases which pushes gas exchange What is ventilation? - ✔️air moving in and out of lungs Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport? - ✔️Oxygen (1) hemoglobin on red blood cells (2) dissolves in plasma Carbon Dioxide (1) attached to blood as bicarbonate (2) dissolves in plasma (3) attached to hemoglobin as carbon dioxide Respiratory disorders? - ✔️Asthma, Emphysema, Lung cancer, pneumonia, strep throat, tuberculosis What is asthma and its treatment? - ✔️chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways. Epi and dilating stimulants and corticosteroids or NSAIDs What is emphysema, and its treatment? - ✔️a condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness. Treated by bronchodiaters, diuretics, corticosteroids
(StraighterLine A&P II)|ALREADY
GRADE A+
What is Diegestion? - ✔️Conversion of food to energy What is absorption - ✔️Nutrients move out of digestive tract into circulatory system for bodily distribution What are the digestive organs? - ✔️oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus What are the digestive accessory organs? - ✔️teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas What does the liver do? - ✔️It produces bile which neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fat What does the gallbladder do? - ✔️stores and concentrates bile What do the pancreas do? - ✔️Produce and secrete pancreatic juice What is pancreatic juice? - ✔️a variety of enzymes, including:
- trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase, carboxypeptidase (break down proteins),
- pancreatic lipase (breaks down lipids),
- nucleases (break down nucleic acids) and
- amylase (breaks down starches.)
- bicarbonate ions in the enzyme mix help to raise the pH of chyme. What is a calorie? - ✔️the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius What are the nutrient classes? - ✔️water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals Function of Water? - ✔️Serves as a coolant, Solvent, Aids in Metabolic reactions, Dilutes and Eliminates Waste, Supports blood volume and pressure Function of Carbs? - ✔️Energy
(StraighterLine A&P II)|ALREADY
GRADE A+
Function of lipids? - ✔️Store energy, synthesize Vitamin D, Clot blood
