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BIO 252 EXAM 3 CHAMBERLAIN
WITH CORRECT AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS 2024 FINAL EXAM REV
GRADED A
sensory vs. perception - SOLUTION for perception to happen, the sensory signal must reach the cerebrum adaptation - SOLUTION the ability to no longer perceive sensations due to prolonged exposure free nerve endings - SOLUTION pain, temperature changes, tickle, itch encapsulated nerve endings - SOLUTION touch, pressure, vibration special sensory cells - SOLUTION used to create special sensory reception exteroceptors - SOLUTION sensations from outside the body interoceptors - SOLUTION sensations from inside the body proprioreceptors - SOLUTION where your body is in space and time mechanoreceptors - SOLUTION stretch (touch, pressure, vibrations, stretch, proprioception) osmoreceptors - SOLUTION osmolarity thermoreceptors - SOLUTION temperature chemoreceptors - SOLUTION chemicals photoreceptors - SOLUTION light nociceptors - SOLUTION pain, fast (acute-sharp stabbing)
referred pain - SOLUTION the pain is broadcast to spots on your skin just over the organs or even far from it Referred pain liver and gallbladder - SOLUTION right upper quadrant/ right shoulder referred pain of stomach - SOLUTION inferior to the xyphoid process and intermediate to the scapulae referred pain of the small intestines - SOLUTION umbilicus region referred pain of the kidneys - SOLUTION superior to umbilicus and wraps around body down to thigh referred pain of ureters - SOLUTION inguinal region, inferior aspect of the rectus abdominus referred pain of bladder - SOLUTION five areas superficial to sacral region lower portion of umbilicus region central in the inguinal region two bilateral glute muscles tactile receptors - SOLUTION touch, pressure, vibration, itch, and tickle free nerve endings - tactile (itch, tickle), nontactile - temperature change, pain - SOLUTION root hair plexuses- sense movement on skin by movement of hair corpuscles for touch - SOLUTION meissner's corpuscle- light touch, low frequency vibration type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors - SOLUTION merkel cells- pressure Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors - SOLUTION Ruffini corpuscles- light and deep pressure (baroreceptors) lamellated corpuscles - SOLUTION pacinian corpuscle- vibration
physiology of vision - SOLUTION 1. Light must be refracted (bent) precisely so it is focused on the fovea centralis and macula of the retina
- Light is refracted first and most by the cornea, then the aqueous humor in the anterior cavity, then the lens, and then the vitrous humor in the posterior cavity
- Changing the shape of the lens helps us accommodate for near, intermediate, and far vision.
- The Accommodation Reflex.
- Eye optics causes the image to be inverted on the retina
- The cerebral cortex (brain) corrects this inversion so objects are seen in their correct orientation
- Incorrect focusing on the retina results in poor vision.
- Corrective lenses (glasses) fix incorrect focusing by bending the light and directing it toward the fovea. olfaction - SOLUTION olfactory chemoreceptors cells send the signal to olfactory nerve, olfactory bulb, olfactory tracts, limbic system, and temporal and frontal lobes gustatory receptor cells send the signal to - SOLUTION fascial nerve (CN VII)- anterior 2/3 of tongue, glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) posterior 1/3 of tongue and pharynx, and vagus nerve (CN X) epiglottis after the gustatory receptor cells send signals to the cranial nerves it will pass the signal to the - SOLUTION medulla oblongata, thalamus, and parietal lobe papillae - SOLUTION bumps on the tongue vallate papillae - SOLUTION 12 of them each containing 100-300 taste buds fungiform papillae - SOLUTION scattered all over the tongue and contain about 5 taste buds each foliate papillae - SOLUTION located in the lateral trenches of the tongue and degenerate in early childhood
filiform papillae - SOLUTION cover the entire tongue surface, contain NO taste buds but rather function to increase friction to move food and contain tactile receptors taste sensations - SOLUTION sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami sound travels from the - SOLUTION outer ear, down auditory canal, tympanic membrane (ear drum), to the middle ear, eustachian tube; ossicles oval window; round window, to the inner ear; bony labyrinth and cochlea , organ of corti the maculae of the utricle and saccule detect - SOLUTION linear acceleration or deceleration of the head cristae in semicircular canals detect - SOLUTION rotation otoliths present in semicircular canals help detect - SOLUTION head rotation vertigo - SOLUTION loss of sense of balance or "spinning" of the room causes of vertigo - SOLUTION stroke, encephalitis, and toxins or drugs like alcohol maculae degeneration - SOLUTION "Dark spots" in vision caused by a destruction of the macula lutea wet and dry wet macular degeneration - SOLUTION caused by poorly constructed capillaries dry maculae degeneration - SOLUTION destruction without leaky vessels general functions of the endocrine system - SOLUTION metabolism, growth, sleep, mood, tissue function, reproduction, stress, fluid dynamics primary endocrine structures - SOLUTION Structures whose roll is only in the production of hormones: Pineal gland, Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid gland, and Adrenal gland
