Download BIO 210 Chapter 8 Exam Questions and Answers: Joints and Muscle Tissue and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
BIO 210 CHAPTER 8 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
“What is the structural classification of joints? - CORRECT ANSWER Fibrous, cartilaginous, and
synovial"
"What is the weakest part of the skeleton? - CORRECT ANSWER Joints"
"What is a synovial joint? - CORRECT ANSWER The joints in which the articulating bones are
separated by a fluid filled containing joint cavity."
"What does Origin mean? - CORRECT ANSWER Attachment to the immovable bone."
"What does insertion mean? - CORRECT ANSWER Attachment to the movable bone."
"What are the types of angular movement? - CORRECT ANSWER Flexion, extension,
Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, abduction, adduction, circumduction."
"What is flexion movement? - CORRECT ANSWER Bending movement that decreases the
angle of a joint."
"What is an extension movement? - CORRECT ANSWER Joint angle increased."
"What is Dorsiflexion? - CORRECT ANSWER Upward movement of the foot."
"What is plantar flexion? - CORRECT ANSWER Downward movement of the foot."
"What is abduction? - CORRECT ANSWER Movement away from the midline."
"What is adduction? - CORRECT ANSWER Movement towards the midline."
"What is circumduction? - CORRECT ANSWER Circular movement of a limb"
"What is protraction? - CORRECT ANSWER Extending forward. (Mandible underbite)"
"What is retraction? - CORRECT ANSWER Retracting backwards. (Mandible overbite)"
"What is elevation? - CORRECT ANSWER Raised superiorly."
"What is depression? - CORRECT ANSWER Lowered inferiorly"
"What is inversion? - CORRECT ANSWER Moving medially of the foot, towards the midline."
"What is an eversion? - CORRECT ANSWER Moving laterally of the foot, towards the outside."
"What is an opposition? - CORRECT ANSWER Making an O or and Ok symbol, thumb and
finger."
"What is a hinge joint? - CORRECT ANSWER Motion along a single plane, flexion and extension
only. Examples: elbow and interphalangel joints."
"What is condyloid joint? - CORRECT ANSWER Permits all angular movements, articulate
surfaces are oval. Examples: radiocarpals and metacarpophalangeal."
"What is a ball and socket joint? - CORRECT ANSWER Most freely movable synovial joint.
Example: shoulder and hip joints."
"What is a sprain? - CORRECT ANSWER The ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn"
"What is dislocation? - CORRECT ANSWER Occurs when bones are forced out of alignment."
"Articulation - CORRECT ANSWER Site where two or more muscles meet."
"Functions of joints - CORRECT ANSWER Give skeleton mobility, hold skeleton together."
"Two classifications of joints - CORRECT ANSWER Functional, structural"
"Functional classification of joints is based on? - CORRECT ANSWER Amount of movement
joint allows"
"Gomphoses - CORRECT ANSWER Peg-in socket joints of teeth in alveolar sockets, fibrous
connection is the periodontal ligament."
"Cartilaginous joints - CORRECT ANSWER Bones United by cartilage, no joint cavity, not highly
movable. Two types: synchondroses, symphyses."
-Flexion—decreases the angle of the joint -Extension—increases the angle of the joint •Hyperextension—movement beyond the anatomical position •Movement along frontal plane -Abduction—movement away from the midline -Adduction—movement toward the midline •Circumduction -Involves flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction of limb -Limb describes cone in space"
"Rotation - CORRECT ANSWER Turning of bone around its own long axis
-Toward midline or away from it -Medial and lateral rotation •Examples: -Between C1 and C2 vertebrae -Rotation of humerus and femur" Which of the following is NOT correct regarding each organ system/function pairing? A) Respiratory System: Transports O2 and CO2 throughout the body. B) Digestive System: Breaks down food in smaller units that can be absorbed. C) Reproductive System: Produces offspring. D) Endocrine System: Regulates growth, development and reproduction.
E) Nervous System: The fast-acting control system of the body. - CORRECT ANSWER A"
"What type of cellular junction would be best at providing a "leak-proof sheet" (so that materials cannot "leak" between the individual cells)? A) gap junctions B) plasmodesmata C) tight junctions
D) desmosomes - CORRECT ANSWER C"
"Two or more cells that work together to accomplish a specific function would be a(n) ________. A) tissue B) organ system C) organ
D) cell - CORRECT ANSWER A"
"Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and skeletal muscles in the form of ________. A) glucose B) triglycerides C) glycogen
D) cholesterol - CORRECT ANSWER C"
"Blood glucose levels are controlled by - CORRECT ANSWER NF"
"Body temperature is controlled by - CORRECT ANSWER NF"
"Hemostasis (blood clotting) is controlled by - CORRECT ANSWER PF"
"In which cavities is the spinal cord located? A) vertebral and dorsal B) mediastinum, thoracic, and ventral C) dorsal and cranial
D) pericardial, ventral, and thoracic - CORRECT ANSWER A"
"Which of the following is a general function for a fibrous protein? A) transport B) protein management C) body defense D) catalysis
E) structural framework - CORRECT ANSWER E"
"Which of these is not a function of the plasma membrane? A) It is selectively permeable. B) It prevents ion from passing into the cells through leakage channels. C) It acts as a site of cell-to-cell interaction and recognition.
D) It encloses the cell contents. - CORRECT ANSWER B"
"To which class of large biological molecules do phospholipids, triglycerides and steroids belong? A) Carbohydrates B) Proteins C) Lipids
D) Nucleic acids - CORRECT ANSWER C"
D) third-degree - CORRECT ANSWER A"
"Which of the following cutaneous receptors is specialized for the reception of touch or light pressure? A) Meissner's corpuscles B) Pacinian corpuscles
C) free nerve endings - CORRECT ANSWER A"
"When a cell of the stratum basale divides out of control, what type of skin cancer can result? A) basal cell carcinoma B) melanoma C) edema
D) squamous cell carcinoma - CORRECT ANSWER A"
"Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system? A) support B) storage of minerals C) production of blood cells (hematopoiesis)
D) communication - CORRECT ANSWER D"
"Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner layer of the periosteum consists primarily of ________. A) cartilage and compact bone B) osteoblasts and osteogenic cells C) marrow and osteons
D) chondrocytes and osteocytes - CORRECT ANSWER B"
"The structural unit of spongy bone is called ________. A) osteons B) lamellar bone C) trabeculae
D) osseous lamellae - CORRECT ANSWER C"
"Creatine phosphate functions in the muscle cell by ________. A) forming a temporary chemical compound with myosin B) forming a chemical compound with actin C) inducing a conformational change in the myofilaments
D) storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP - CORRECT ANSWER D"
"Myoglobin ________. A) breaks down glycogen B) is a protein involved in the direct phosphorylation of ADP C) stores oxygen in muscle cells
D) produces the end plate potential - CORRECT ANSWER C"
"What structure in skeletal muscle cells functions in calcium storage? A) sarcoplasmic reticulum B) mitochondria C) intermediate filament network
D) myofibrillar network - CORRECT ANSWER A"
"Which of the following is not a connective tissue sheath that wraps individual muscle fibers? A) endomysium B) perimysium C) epimysium
D) aponeurosis - CORRECT ANSWER D"
"What is the primary function of wave summation? A) produce smooth, continuous muscle contraction B) increase muscle tension C) prevent muscle relaxation
D) prevent muscle fatigue - CORRECT ANSWER A"
"When a muscle is unable to respond to stimuli temporarily, it is in which of the following periods? A) relaxation period B) refractory period C) latent period
D) fatigue period - CORRECT ANSWER B"
"Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function? A) senses changes in the environment B) analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions
C) responds to stimuli by gland secretion or muscle contraction - CORRECT ANSWER B"
"Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality? A) prefrontal cortex B) posterior association area C) limbic association area
D) combined primary somatosensory cortex and somatosensory association cortex - CORRECT
ANSWER A"
"The vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________. A) pons B) medulla C) midbrain
D) cerebrum - CORRECT ANSWER B"
"Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in ________. A) the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord B) the ventral root ganglia of the spinal cord C) the thalamus
D) sympathetic ganglia - CORRECT ANSWER A"
"Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are ________. A) pyramidal and corticospinal B) extrapyramidal and rubrospinal C) segmental and nigrostriatal
D) supplementary and cerebellar-pontine - CORRECT ANSWER A"
"An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ________. A) calcarine cortex B) primary visual area C) visual association area
D) lateral geniculate body - CORRECT ANSWER C"
"Which of the following nerves does not arise from the brachial plexus? A) median B) phrenic C) radial
D) ulnar - CORRECT ANSWER B"
"A major nerve of the lumbar plexus is the ________. A) femoral B) iliohypogastric C) sciatic
D) ilioinguinal - CORRECT ANSWER A"
"A reflex that causes muscle relaxation and lengthening in response to muscle tension is called a ________. A) golgi tendon reflex B) flexor reflex C) crossed-extensor reflex
D) plantar reflex - CORRECT ANSWER A"
"Potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain are selectively detected by ________. A) interoceptors B) photoreceptors C) nociceptors
D) proprioceptors - CORRECT ANSWER C"
"Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are ________. A) afferent nerves B) efferent nerves C) motor nerves
D) mixed nerves - CORRECT ANSWER A"
"Regeneration of axons within the CNS ________. A) is more successful than with the PNS B) typically allows axonal sprouting of 20 mm C) is prevented due to growth-inhibiting proteins of oligodendrocytes
D) is promoted by growth inhibitors and glial scars - CORRECT ANSWER C"
"Which of the following is the correct simple spinal reflex arc? A) effector, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, receptor B) receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector C) effector, efferent neuron, integration center, afferent neuron, receptor
D) receptor, efferent neuron, integration center, afferent neuron, effector - CORRECT
ANSWER B"
"What is pronation? - CORRECT ANSWER Anatomical position except palms facing
downward"
"Structural classification of joints based on? - CORRECT ANSWER Material binding bones
together, presence/a sense of joint cavity."
"Fibrous joints - CORRECT ANSWER Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue, no joint
cavity, most synarthrotic (immovable) Three types: sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses."
"Sutures - CORRECT ANSWER Rigid interlocking joints, immovable joints for protection of
brain, contain short connective tissue fibers, allow for growth during youth, in middle age sutures ossify and fuse called synostoses."
"Syndesmoses - CORRECT ANSWER Bones connected by ligaments (bands of fibrous tissue),
fiber length varies so movement varies."
"Synovial joints - CORRECT ANSWER Bones separated by fluid filled joint cavity, all are
diarthrotic, include all limb joints, most joints of the body."
"Six distinguishing features of synovial joints - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Articular cartilage:
hyaline cartilage prevents crushing of bone ends
- Joint (synovial) cavity: small fluid filled potential space
- Articular (joint) capsule: two layers, external fibrous layer(dense irregular connective tissue), inner synovial membrane(loose connective tissue, makes synovial fluid)
- Synovial fluid: -Viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid -Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage -Contains phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris
- Different types of reinforcing ligaments:-Capsular •Thickened part of fibrous layer -Extracapsular •Outside the capsule -Intracapsular •Deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane 6.Nerves and blood vessels -Nerve fibers detect pain, monitor joint position and stretch -Capillary beds supply filtrate for synovial fluid"
"Synovial Joints: Movements Allowed - CORRECT ANSWER All muscles attach to bone or
connective tissue at no fewer than two points
-Origin—attachment to immovable bone -Insertion—attachment to movable bone •Muscle contraction causes insertion to move toward origin •Movements occur along transverse, frontal, or sagittal planes" "Three General Types of Movements
at Synovial Joints - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Gliding
- Angular movements -Flexion, extension, hyperextension -Abduction, adduction -Circumduction
- Rotation -Medial and lateral rotation"
"Gliding Movements - CORRECT ANSWER One flat bone surface glides or slips over another
similar surface •Examples: -Intercarpal joints -Intertarsal joints -Between articular processes of vertebrae" "Which of the following is not a property of water? A) high heat of vaporization B) polar solvent properties C) it is hydrophobic D) cushioning
E) takes part in chemical reactions (dehydration synthesis/hydrolysis) - CORRECT ANSWER C"
"In multicellular organisms, first messengers (e.g. hormones, neurotransmitters) are released from one cell and travel throughout the body where they have a specific effect on a target cell. What is the general term given to the protein molecules to which these first messengers bind? A) enzymes B) receptors C) second messengers D) G proteins
E) kinases - CORRECT ANSWER B"
"Which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure? A) Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules. B) Phospholipids consist of a polar head and a nonpolar tail made of three fatty acid chains. C) The lipid bilayer is a solid at body temperature, thus protecting the cell. D) All proteins associated with the cell membrane are contained in a fluid layer on the outside of
the cell. - CORRECT ANSWER A"
A) are mature cartilage cells located in spaces called lacunae B) within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix C) remain in compact bone even after the epiphyseal plate closes
D) form the collagen fibers in dense connective tissue - CORRECT ANSWER B"
"What are the three main components of connective tissue? A) ground substance, fibers, and cells B) alveoli, fibrous capsule, and secretory cells C) collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers
D) fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts - CORRECT ANSWER A"
"Which of the following is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body? A) Nervous B) Connective C) Epithelial
D) Muscle - CORRECT ANSWER B"
"Which of the following is one of the vital functions of the skin? A) It converts epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism. B) It aids in the transport of materials throughout the body. C) The cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy.
D) It absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases. - CORRECT ANSWER A"
"An area of the body exposed to the external environment would most likely be composed of what type of tissue? A) muscle B) connective C) nervous
D) epithelial - CORRECT ANSWER D"
"What portion of an epithelial cell that lines the stomach would food be in contact with? A) lateral surface B) apical surface C)basal surface
D)basement membrane - CORRECT ANSWER B"
"The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of ________. A) cartilage and interstitial lamellae B) adipose tissue and nerve fibers C) yellow marrow and spicules
D) blood vessels and nerve fibers - CORRECT ANSWER D"
"Which components of bone give it its exceptional hardness? A) osteoid B) collagen fibers C) hydroxyapatites
D) glycoproteins - CORRECT ANSWER C"
"Which of the following is the function of osteocytes? A) They break down (resorb) the bone matrix. B) They synthesize collagen fibers. C) They maintain the bone matrix.
D) They give rise to perichondrium - CORRECT ANSWER C"
"What is the role of tropomyosin in skeletal muscles? A) Tropomyosin is the chemical that activates the myosin heads. B) Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules. C) Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the actin binding sites on the myosin molecules.
D) Tropomyosin is the receptor for the motor neuron neurotransmitter. - CORRECT ANSWER
B"
"During muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to which active sites? A) myosin filaments B) actin filaments C) Z discs
D) thick filaments - CORRECT ANSWER B"
"Which of the following surrounds the individual muscle cell? A) perimysium B) endomysium C) epimysium
D) fascicle - CORRECT ANSWER B"
"After nervous stimulation stops, what prevents ACh in the synaptic cleft from continuing to stimulate contraction? A) calcium ions returning to the terminal cisternae B) the tropomyosin blocking the myosin once full contraction is achieved C) acetylcholinesterase destroying the ACh
D) the action potential stops going down the overloaded T tubules - CORRECT ANSWER C"
"These cells in the CNS have cilia that move in order to circulate cerebrospinal fluid ________. A) ependymal cells B) Schwann cells C) oligodendrocytes
D) astrocytes - CORRECT ANSWER A"
"An action potential is regarded as an example of a positive feedback. Which of the following examples below best illustrates the positive feedback aspect of an action potential? A) Voltage gated potassium ion channels open slowly and remain open long enough to cause hyperpolarization. B) A threshold stimulus will cause the opening of voltage gated sodium ion channels that will cause further depolarizing stimulus. This stimulus will open still more voltage gated sodium ion channels. C) The sodium potassium pump consistently moves ions as long as ATP is available, and regardless of membrane potential changes.
D) Potassium permeability is about 25 times greater than sodium ions. - CORRECT ANSWER B"
