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BIO 202 (Straighter Line A&P II) Final Exam
Questions and Answers.
Viscosity of Blood? - Correct Answer twice as thick as water How long does it take for a drop of blood to circulate through the entire system? - Correct Answer 20-60 seconds What is the composition of Blood - Correct Answer 55% plasma, 45% formed elements, What are the fucntions of blood? - Correct Answer -Moves regulatory and processed molecules, gasses, waste, and nutrients -Regulats pH and osmosis process -Maintain body temperature -Protect against foreign substances -Assist in clotting What is the composition of plasma? - Correct Answer 91% water 7% proteins 2% other solutes What proteins are found in blood plasma? - Correct Answer albumin, globulins, fibrinogen What solutes are found in blood plasma? - Correct Answer Ions, nutrients, waste products, gasses, regulatory substances What are two blood disorders - Correct Answer Anemia and sickle-cell disease What is sickle-cell disease? - Correct Answer an abnormal red blood cell that has a crescent shape and an abnormal form of hemoglobin What is anemia? - Correct Answer a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood
How much blood does the heart pump per minute? - Correct Answer ~ 1/4 Quarts per minute What are action potentials? - Correct Answer Sequence of electrical changes when a nerve membrane receives a stimulus that exceeds a threshold What is depolarization? - Correct Answer Loss of an electrical charge on the surface of a membrane What is Repolarization? - Correct Answer Gain of electrical charge on the surface of a membrane What are the functions of the heart? - Correct Answer generating blood pressure, routing blood, ensuring one-way blood flow, regulating blood supply What are the two divisions of the heart? - Correct Answer Pulmonary Circuit and Systemic Circuit What are the components of the heart? - Correct Answer Pericardium, Heart Wall, Chambers, Valves What is the pericardium? - Correct Answer Double-walled sac that surrounds the heart and reduces friction between pericardial membranes What is the heart wall? - Correct Answer Three protective layers of tissue What to chambers of the heart do? - Correct Answer Receive and return blood from and to the body What is the purpose of heart valves? - Correct Answer prevent back flow of blood, ensure one-directional What are the four valves of the heart? - Correct Answer The tricuspid and pulmonary valves on the right side, and the mitral and aortic valves on the left side.
What are macrophages? - Correct Answer They are big eaters that engulf debris, foreign materials, bacteria, and viruses. What are dendritic cells? - Correct Answer Antigen presenting cells located in the, epidermis, mucus membrane and lymphatic organs What are reticular cells? - Correct Answer fibroblasts covering and secreting the fiber network What are the lymphatic organs? - Correct Answer red bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen What are the functions of the lymphatic system? - Correct Answer fluid balance, fat absorption, defense What are the Lymphatic Body Defenses? - Correct Answer Edema, Immune System, Lymph Nodes What is edema? - Correct Answer a condition characterized by an excess of watery fluid collecting in the cavities or tissues of the body. Swelling. What is the immune system? - Correct Answer The body's cells defense against disease causing organisms. What are lymph nodes? - Correct Answer Filter interstitial fluid and lymph. Swollen glands mean you are fighting an infection Functions of the respiratory system? - Correct Answer Gas exchange, Olfaction (ability to smell), protection, regulation of blood pH by managing CO2 levels, Voice production What are the upper respiratory organs? - Correct Answer nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx What are the lower respiratory organs? - Correct Answer larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs What are the functions of the sinuses? - Correct Answer Reduce weight of the Skull, drain mucus into nasal cavity, Serve as resonating chamber to amplify voice
What are the functions of the nasal cavity? - Correct Answer Warms cleanses, and humidifies inhaled air; detects odors in the airstream What is the function of the nose? - Correct Answer Provides passage to nasal cavity; Prevents large particles from entering the body What is the function of the pharynx? - Correct Answer passageway for air and food, provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds, and houses the tonsils What is the function of the larynx? - Correct Answer houses vocal cords; prevents foreign objects such as food and drink from entering trachea Function of the trachea? - Correct Answer Maintains open passageway for air, filters air with mucus lining Function of the bronchial tree? - Correct Answer air passageways connecting trachea with alveoli; cleans, warms, and moistens incoming air Functions of the lungs? - Correct Answer Brings O2 into the body and removes CO2 and some water What are the mechanics of breathing? - Correct Answer Inspiration, ventilation, gas exchange, transportation expiration What is inspiration? - Correct Answer Breathing in by diaphrahm moving downward, intercostals contract, pectroalis expands, lungs expand What is expiration - Correct Answer diaphragm relaxes, lungs and elastic tissues recoil, pressure around alveoli increases which pushes gas exchange What is ventilation? - Correct Answer air moving in and out of lungs Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport? - Correct Answer Oxygen (1) hemoglobin on red blood cells (2) dissolves in plasma Carbon Dioxide (1) attached to blood as bicarbonate (2) dissolves in plasma (3) attached to hemoglobin as carbon dioxide
What is ingestion? - Correct Answer taking food into the mouth What is mastication? - Correct Answer chewing food What is propulsion? - Correct Answer swallowing and peristalsis What is mixing? - Correct Answer Food mixes with digestive secretions and is broken up into usable components for the body What is secretion? - Correct Answer Function of the intestine to break down food What is Diegestion? - Correct Answer Conversion of food to energy What is absorption - Correct Answer Nutrients move out of digestive tract into circulatory system for bodily distribution What are the digestive organs? - Correct Answer oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus What are the digestive accessory organs? - Correct Answer teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas What does the liver do? - Correct Answer It produces bile which neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fat What does the gallbladder do? - Correct Answer stores and concentrates bile What do the pancreas do? - Correct Answer Produce and secrete pancreatic juice What is pancreatic juice? - Correct Answer a variety of enzymes, including:
- trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase, carboxypeptidase (break down proteins),
- pancreatic lipase (breaks down lipids),
- nucleases (break down nucleic acids) and
- amylase (breaks down starches.)
- bicarbonate ions in the enzyme mix help to raise the pH of chyme.
What is a calorie? - Correct Answer the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius What are the nutrient classes? - Correct Answer water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals Function of Water? - Correct Answer Serves as a coolant, Solvent, Aids in Metabolic reactions, Dilutes and Eliminates Waste, Supports blood volume and pressure Function of Carbs? - Correct Answer Energy Function of lipids? - Correct Answer Store energy, synthesize Vitamin D, Clot blood
