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Everything in the universe is composed of one or more elements, the unique building blocks of all matter. Although more than 100 elemental substances exist, only four of these (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen) make up more than 96% of all living material.
The student activities in this chapter consider basic concepts of both inorganic and organic chemistry. Chemistry is the science that studies the composition of matter. Inorganic chemistry studies the chemical composition of nonliving substances that (generally) do not contain carbon. Organic chemistry studies the carbon-based chemistry (or biochemistry) of living organisms, whether they are maple trees, fish, or humans.
Understanding of atomic structure, bonding behavior of elements, and the structure and activities of the most abundant biological molecules (proteins, fats, carbohy- drates, and nucleic acids) is tested in various ways. Mastering these concepts is necessary to understand how the body functions.
CONCEPTS OF MATTER AND ENERGY
- Select all phrases that apply to each of the following statements and insert the letters in the answer blanks.
______ 1. The energy located in the bonds of food molecules: A. is called thermal energy. C. causes molecular movement. B. is a form of potential energy. D. can be transformed to the bonds of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
______ 2. Heat is: A. thermal energy. C. kinetic energy. B. infrared radiation. D. molecular movement.
______ 3. Whenever energy is transformed: A. the amount of useful energy decreases. C. some energy is created. B. some energy is lost as heat. D. some energy is destroyed.
6 p
6 n
BASIC
CHEMISTRY
- Use choices from the key to identify the energy form in use in each of the following examples. Items may have more than one answer.
Key Choices
A. Chemical B. Electrical C. Mechanical D. Radiant
_________________________ 1. Chewing food
_________________________ 2. Vision (two types of energy, please—think!)
_________________________ 3. Bending your fingers to make a fist
_________________________ 4. Breaking the bonds of ATP molecules to energize your muscle cells to make that fist
_________________________ 5. Getting a tan on the beach
COMPOSITION OF MATTER
- Complete the following table by inserting the missing words.
Particle Location Electrical charge Mass (amu)
Neutron
Orbitals
- Insert the chemical symbol (the chemist’s shorthand) in the answer blank for each of the following elements.
______ 1. Oxygen ______ 4. Iodine ______ 7. Calcium ______ 10. Magnesium
______ 2. Carbon ______ 5. Hydrogen ______ 8. Sodium ______ 11. Chlorine
______ 3. Potassium ______ 6. Nitrogen ______ 9. Phosphorus ______ 12. Iron
- Using the key choices, complete the crossword puzzle by answering each of the clues provided.
Key Choices
Atom Element Ion Molecule Protons Electrons Energy Matter Neutrons Valence
Across
- The smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of the element.
- Formed when atoms combine chemically.
- Uncharged subatomic particles, forming part of an atom.
- Subatomic particles that determine an atom’s chemical behavior or bonding ability.
18 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook
MOLECULES, CHEMICAL BONDS,
AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS
- Match the terms in Column B to the chemical equations listed in Column A. Enter the correct letter or term in the answer blanks.
Column A Column B
_________________________ 1. A + B AB A. Decomposition
_________________________ 2. AB + CD AD + CB B. Exchange
_________________________ 3. XY X + Y C. Synthesis
- Figure 2–1 is a diagram of an atom. Select two different colors and use them to color the coding circles and corresponding structures on the figure. Complete this exercise by responding to the questions that follow, referring to the atom in this figure. Insert your answers in the answer blanks provided.
○ Nucleus
○ Electrons
20 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook
6 p
6 n
Figure 2–
- What is the atomic number of this atom? _________________________
- What is its atomic mass? _________________________
- Which atom is this? _________________________
- If this atom had one additional neutron but the other subatomic particles remained the same as shown, this slightly different atom (of the same element) would be called a(n) _________________________
- Is this atom chemically active or inert? _________________________
- How many electrons would be needed to fill its outer (valence) shell? _____________________
- Would this atom most likely take part in forming ionic or
covalent bonds? _______________________ Why? _______________________
- Both H 2 O 2 and 2OH –^ are compound molecules composed of the same two hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms. Briefly explain how these molecules are different:
- Two types of chemical bonding are shown in Figure 2–2. In the figure, identify each type as a(n) ionic or covalent bond. In the case of the ionic bond, indicate which atom has lost an electron by adding an arrow to show the direction of electron transfer. For the covalent bond, color the shared electrons.
Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry 21
p 9 p
9 p
3 p
Type of bond: Type of bond:
A B
Figure 2–
BIOCHEMISTRY:
THE COMPOSITION OF LIVING MATTER
- Use the key choices to identify the substances described in the following statements. Insert the appropriate letter or corresponding term in the answer blanks.
Key Choices
A. Acid(s) B. Base(s) C. Buffer D. Salt(s)
__________ 1. __________ 2. __________ 3. Substances that ionize in water; good electrolytes
_________________________ 4. Proton (H+) acceptor
_________________________ 5. Ionize in water to release hydrogen ions and a negative ion other than hydroxide (OH–)
_________________________ 6. Ionize in water to release ions other than H+^ and OH–
_________________________ 7. Formed when an acid and a base are combined
_________________________ 8. Substances such as lemon juice and vinegar
_________________________ 9. Prevents rapid/large swings in pH
- Use the key choices to complete the following statements concerning the properties and biological importance of water.
Key Choices
A. 70% E. Dehydration H. Hydrolysis K. Polarity B. 90% F. Heat capacity I. Lubricants L. Salts C. Covalent G. Hydrogen J. Peptide M. Water D. Cushioning
_________________________ 1.
_________________________ 2.
_________________________ 3.
_________________________ 4.
_________________________ 5.
_________________________ 6.
_________________________ 7.
_________________________ 8.
- Use an X to designate which of the following are inorganic compounds or substances.
______ Carbon dioxide ______ Fats ______ Proteins ______ H 2 O
______ Oxygen ______ KCl ______ Glucose ______ DNA
Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry 23
The ability of water to maintain a relatively constant tempera- ture and thus prevent sudden changes is because of its high (1) (^). Biochemical reactions in the body must occur in (2) (^). About (3)^ % of the volume of a living cell is water. Water molecules are bonded to other water molecules because of the presence of (4)^ bonds. Water, as H+^ and OH–^ ions, is essential in biochemical reactions such as (5)^ and (6) reactions. Because of its (7)^ , water is an excellent solvent and forms the basis of mucus and other body (8)^.
- Using the key choices, fully characterize weak and strong acids.
Key Choices
A. Act as part of a buffer system E. Ionize at low pH B. Ionize completely in water F. Ionize at pH 7 C. Ionize incompletely in water G. When placed in water, always act to change the pH D. Ionize at high pH
Weak acid: _____________________ Strong acid: _____________________
- Match the terms in Column B to the descriptions provided in Column A. Enter the correct letter(s) or term(s) in the answer blanks. Items may have more than one answer.
Column A
_________________________ 1. Building blocks of carbohydrates
_________________________ 2. Building blocks of fat
_________________________ 3. Building blocks of protein
_________________________ 4. Building blocks of nucleic acids
_________________________ 5. Cellular cytoplasm is primarily composed of this substance
_________________________ 6. The single most important fuel source for body cells
_________________________ 7. Not soluble in water
_________________________ 8. Contain C, H, and O in the ratio CH 2 O
_________________________ 9. Contain C, H, and O, but have relatively small amounts of oxygen
_________________________ 10. _________________________ 11. These building blocks contain N in addition to C, H, and O
_________________________ 12. Contain P in addition to C, H, O, and N
_________________________ 13. Used to insulate the body and found in all cell membranes
_________________________ 14. Primary components of meat
_________________________ 15. Primary components of bread and lollipops
_________________________ 16. Primary components of egg yolk and peanut oil
_________________________ 17. Include collagen and hemoglobin
_________________________ 18. Class that usually includes cholesterol
_________________________ 19. The alpha helix and beta pleated sheet are both examples of the secondary structure of these molecules.
Column B
A. Amino acids
B. Carbohydrates
C. Lipids (fats)
D. Fatty acids
E. Glycerol
F. Nucleotides
G. Monosaccharides
H. Proteins
24 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook
- Circle the term that does not belong in each of the following groupings. Then, fill in the answer blanks with the correct group name.
- Adenine Guanine Glucose Thymine Group: _________
- DNA Ribose Phosphate Deoxyribose Group: _________
- Galactose Glycogen Fructose Glucose Group: _________
- Amino acid Polypeptide Glycerol Hemoglobin Group: _________
- Glucose Sucrose Lactose Maltose Group: _________
- For each true statement, insert T in the answer blank. If any are false, correct the underlined term and insert your correction in the answer blank.
_________________________ 1. Phospholipids are polarized molecules.
_________________________ 2. Steroids are the major form in which body fat is stored.
_________________________ 3. Water is the most abundant compound in the body.
_________________________ 4. Nonpolar molecules are generally soluble in water.
_________________________ 5. The bases of RNA are A, G, C, and U.
_________________________ 6. The universal energy currency of living cells is RNA.
_________________________ 7. RNA is single stranded.
_________________________ 8. The four elements that make up more than 90% of living matter are C, H, N, and Na.
- Figure 2–5 shows the molecular structure of DNA, a nucleic acid.
A. First, identify the two unnamed nitrogen (N) bases and insert their names and symbols in the two blanks beside the color-coding circles.
B. Complete the identification of the bases on the diagram by inserting the correct symbols in the appropriate spaces on the right side of the diagram.
C. Select different colors and color the coding circles and the corresponding parts of the diagram.
○ Deoxyribose sugar (d-R)^ ○ Adenine (A)^ ○ (^ )
○ Phosphate (P)^ ○ Cytosine (C)^ ○ (^ )
D. Label one deoxyribose (d-R) sugar unit and one phosphate (P) unit of the “backbones” of the DNA structure by inserting leader lines and labels on the diagram, then circle the associated nucleotide.
E. Answer the questions following Figure 2–5 by writing your answers in the answer blanks.
26 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook
Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry 27
- Name the bonds that help to hold the two DNA strands together. __________________________
- Name the three-dimensional shape of the DNA molecule. _________________________________
- How many base pairs are present in this segment of a DNA model? _______________________
- What is the term that describes the pattern or base-pairing? ________________________________
Figure 2–
C G A A G G A T A T
C
T
Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry 29
molecules, you are outfitted with an insulated rubber wet suit with a (1)^ charged helmet and two (2) charges, one at the end of each leg.
As soon as you are injected into your host’s bloodstream, you feel as though you are being pulled apart. Some large, attrac- tive forces are pulling at your legs from different directions! You look about but can see only water molecules. After a moment’s thought, you remember the polar nature of your wet suit. You record that these forces must be the (3)^ that are easily formed and easily broken in water.
After this initial surprise, you are suddenly upended and car- ried along in a sea of water molecules at almost unbelievable speed. You have just begun to observe some huge, red, disc- shaped structures (probably (4)^ ) taking up O 2 molecules when you are swept into a very turbulent environment. Your colleagues radio that you are in the small intestine. With diffi- culty, because of numerous collisions with other molecules, you begin to record the various types of molecules you see.
In particular, you notice a very long helical molecule made of units with distinctive R-groups. You identify and record this type of molecule as a (5)^ , made of units called (6)^ that are joined together by (7)^ bonds. As you move too close to the helix during your observations, you are nearly pulled apart to form two ions, (8)^ , but you breathe a sigh of relief as two ions of another water molecule take your place. You watch as these two ions move between two units of the long helical molecule. Then, in a fraction of a second, the bond between the two units is broken. As you record the occurrence of this chemical reaction, called (9)^ , you are jolted in another direction by an enormous globular protein, the very same (10)^ that controls and speeds up this chemical reaction.
Once again you find yourself in the bloodstream, heading into an organ identified by your col- leagues as the liver. Inside a liver cell, you observe many small monomers, made up only of C, H, and O atoms. You identify these units as (11)^ molecules because the liver cells are bonding them together to form very long, branched polymers called (12)^. You record that this type of chemical reaction is called (13)^ , and you happily note that this reaction also produces (14)^ molecules like you!
After another speedy journey through the bloodstream, you reach the skin. You move deep into the skin and finally gain access to a sweat gland. In the sweat gland, you collide with millions of water molecules and some ionized salt molecules that are continually attracted to your positive and negative charges. Suddenly, the internal temperature rises, and molecular collisions (15)^ at an alarming rate, propelling you through the pore of the sweat gland onto the surface of the skin. So that you will be saved from the fate of evaporating into thin air, you contact your colleagues and are speedily rescued.
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_________________________ 8.
_________________________ 9.
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