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Week 1 Review of Key Topics Definitions Pharmacology -study of medications Time-Critical scheduled medications -these are medications that should be administered within 30 minutes of the scheduled time Non-time Critical scheduled medications -these are medications that are scheduled daily, weekly, monthly and can be given within two hours of the scheduled time Medication error -an error in the administration of a drug A drug -a substance capable of producing a biologic response Pharmaceutics -this is the art & science of preparing and dispensing medicines Pharmacokinetics -movement of a drug through the body Pharmacodynamics -refers to what the drug does to the body to create a response Pharmacogenomics -the study of pharmacogenes Pharmacotherapeutics -using medications to prevent disease & treat suffering Pharmacognosy -study of drugs from natural sources or plants Pharmacoeconomics
Toxicology
-the study of poisoning Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion -Absorption: how a drug reaches the circulation -Distribution: how a drug reaches target tissue -Metabolism: how a drug is altered by body -Excretion: how a drug is removed from the body Biotransformation: process by which drug molecules are metabolized Drug interactions= additive, synergistic, antagonistic, incompatible -Additive: response is equal to sum of its parts -synergistic: response is greater than sum of its parts -antagonistic: second drug diminishes the response of a first drug -incompatible: Teratogenic: drug that causes developmental birth defects Mutagenic: chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation Carcinogenic: these are drugs used when benefits outweigh risks Concepts to review The nursing process -Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, implementation, evaluation (ADPIE) Who is the FDA, NANDA, and ICNP -Food and Drugs Act & Regulations (establishing standards for the safety & nutritional quality of all foods sold in Canada) -NANDA is North American Nursing Diagnosis Association -ICNP is International Classification for Nursing Practice Ten rights to medication administration -Right Patient -Right Time -Right Route -Right Drug
The Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents act (PIPEDA) is federal law governing the collection, use and disclosure of personal information. CDSA= Controlled Drugs and Substances act- Provides requirements for the control and sale of narcotics, controlled drugs and substances of misuse. New drug development 4 clinical phases of investigational drug studies Legal nursing considerations Potential liability for nurses Legal and ethical nursing considerations Nurse’s right to refuse care. Chapter 4 Drug therapy during pregnancy is based on diffusion- safety factors include drug properties- fetal gestational age and maternal factors. Breastfeeding and drug therapy – risk of exposure, risk-benefit ratio. Pharmacokinetic considerations for neonates and pediatrics- absorption, distribution and metabolism. Factors affecting pediatric drug dosages. BSA Considerations for older adult patients Pharmacokinetics for older adults: absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion Key Points part 2
- What 5 components make up the Nursing process? -Assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, evaluation
- How does each component of the nursing process relate to medication administration? -Assessment relates to medication administration in that they help nurses objectively identify the unique needs and concerns of each patient
- What is the difference between side effects and adverse effects?
-Adverse effects are undesired and potentially harmful action caused by administration of medication while side effects are types of drug effects that are predictable & may occur at therapeutic doses.
- Drug allergies versus sensitivities? -A drug allergy is a hyper response of body defences to a particular drug while drug sensitivities refer to an inability to tolerate the adverse effects of a medication.
- What do the following terms mean: Idiosyncratic reaction -adverse effects that are unexpected responses to drug that are unrelated to action of drug Carcinogenic reaction* - Teratogenic reaction -this is a reaction that promotes birth defects during pregnancy Nephrotoxic reaction -this is a reaction damaging the kidneys Neurotoxic reaction* - Hepatotoxic reaction -common adverse effect as liver metabolizes & detoxifies majority of drugs Dermatologic Toxicity or reaction -these are known as skin reactions Bone Marrow Toxicity -the most frequent type of drug induced toxicity Cardiotoxicity -toxicity that affects the heart Skeletal Muscle and Tendon Toxicity* - Drug‒drug interactions -A change in a drug’s effect on the body when the drug is taken together with a second drug Food‒drug interactions
