Download anxiety, depression | PHAR - Pharmacology and more Quizzes Pharmacology in PDF only on Docsity!
Fluids
make up 60% of body weight allow transport of oxygen and nutrients to cells and carry CO2 and wastes away from cells provide a medium in which chemical reactions can occur TERM 2
Intracellular fluid
DEFINITION 2 fluid contained within cell membranes 63% of body fluid 40% of body weight TERM 3
Extracellular fluid
DEFINITION 3 fluid outside individual cells but still inside body 37% of body fluid 20% of body weight composed of: interstitial: fluid found in the tissue between cells 15% of body weight, intravascular: fluid found inside blood vessels, also known as blood plasma, 5% of body weight TERM 4
Diffusion
DEFINITION 4 all molecules are constantly moving - Brownian motion move from an area of high concentration to low concentration until the are evenly distributed and both areas have the same concentration when two areas have a different concentration its a concentration gradient TERM 5
Semipermeable membranes
DEFINITION 5 membranes which have holes or pores in them these pores allow some molecules (usually small ones like water) but not others to pass through them thus some substances can move but not others, so that concentration gradients are set up
Osmosis
the movement of a solvent (usually water) across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low concentration of solute (dissolve particles) since there is a concentration gradient, the solute will move across the membrane until the concentric is the same on both sides of the membrane the force is osmotic pressure TERM 7
Hydrostatic pressure
DEFINITION 7 the pressure of a fluid against the walls of a space its comes from several sources in the body: the weight of the fluid, the nature of water molecules, the amount of fluid in the space and heart action. TERM 8
The weight of the fluid
DEFINITION 8 gravity tends to push fluids downward TERM 9
The nature of water molecules
DEFINITION 9 water molecules have a slightly uneven charge and tend to arrange themselves at a fixed and organized distance apart they tend to push away from each other against the side of that space TERM 10
The amount of fluid in a space
DEFINITION 10 the more fluid there is in a space, the harder it pushes against the sides of that space
Thirst
an increase in blood osmolality stimulates receptors in the hypothalamus to give the sensation of thirst TERM 17
Hormonal control
DEFINITION 17 ADH (antidiuretic hormone) Aldosterone Renin TERM 18
ADH- antidiuretic hormone
DEFINITION 18 also called a vasopressin produced by the hypothalamus, stored in the posterior pituitary when extracellular osmolality increases, ADH is released ADH acts on the kidneys causing it to resorb more water and decrease the amount of urine excreted TERM 19
Adolsterone
DEFINITION 19 produced by the adrenal cortex acts on the kidneys to retain sodium and excrete potassium when sodium is retained so is water adolsterone secretion is stimulated by hyperkalemia, hyponatremia and hypovolemia TERM 20
Electrolytes
DEFINITION 20 sodium potassium calcium
Sodium
major cation in the extracellular fluid plays a major role in maintaining fluid balance important for resting membrane potential TERM 22
Potassium
DEFINITION 22 major cation in the intracellular fluid plays a major role in the transmission of electrical impulses in the body major cation in the cells TERM 23
Calcium
DEFINITION 23 calcium is found in both free and bound forms within the body it is the free form which must be regulated free calcium ions are important in normal cardiac and neuromuscular functioning free calcium is also an important co-factor int he blood clotting mechanism TERM 24
Isotonic fluid volume deficit
DEFINITION 24 someone lost fluid & electrolytes decreased fluid intake: swallowing problems, loss of consciousness, lack of access to water increased fluid output: diarrhea, vomiting, bleeding, diaphoresis(sweating), diabetic medication 3rd spacing: the movement of fluid from vascular system into interstitial space, spaces are plural cavity, pericardial cavity, peritoneum happens with burns, liver failure, renal failure, massive inflammation TERM 25
Isotonic fluid volume deficit 2
DEFINITION 25 moving & trapping of ECF in a transcompartment space very young & old are at increased risk due to lack of access, decreased communication, decreased homeostatic mechanism clinical outcomes: weight loss (2% mild, 5% moderate, 8% severe), decrease urine output, concentrated urine, thirst, sunken fontenals, hypotension, dry mouth, decreased skin turgor, weak thready pulse, decreased capillary refill, sunken eyeballs & soft Diagnostic tests: urine specific gravity (high), hematocrit (increase), central venous pressure (decrease), BUN (high)
Sodium deficit (hyponatremia)
hypotension, flushed skin, S&S of increase intracranial pressure, nausea, anorexia, muscle cramps diagnostic tests: serum sodium (decreased), serum osmolality (decreased) TERM 32
Potassium excess (hyperkalemia)
DEFINITION 32 there may be an actual increase in total body K or there may be a relative increase in serum concentration actual increased intake: over ingestion of K containing foods or medications, salt substitutes, rapid infusion of K containing IV fluids actual decreased output: adrenal insufficiency (adrenal gland released adolsterone, which causes Na reabsorption & K excretion), renal failure, K sparing diuretics relative: movement of K from intracellular to vascular system, tissue damage, esp massive crush trauma, acidosis- to much TERM 33
Potassium excess (hyperkalemia) 2
DEFINITION 33 H on the outside makes H move in to the cell and K move out of the cell, causes hyperkalemia clinical outcomes: muscle twitching and cramps, increase GI motility with increased bowl sounds and diarrhea, nausea, tachyarrhythmias, ventricular fibrillation, cardiac arrest diagnostic test: serum potassium (increase) TERM 34
Potassium deficit (hypokalemia)
DEFINITION 34 actual excess loss: medications, diuretics (causes loss of K), glucocorticoids, increased adolsterone, diarrhea, vomiting, burns inadequate intake: NPO relative movement of K from ECF to ICF: alkalosis, hyperinsulinism, TPN clinical outcomes: decreased GI motility decreased bowel sou- nds, constipation, skeletal muscle weakness, weak, thready pulse, weakness, fatigue, bradyarrhythmias, cardiac arrest diagnostic test: serum K (decreased) TERM 35
Calcium excess (hypercalcemia)
DEFINITION 35 actual increased absorption: excessive oral intake of calcium, excessive oral intake of Vit D decreased excretion: renal failure, thiazide diuretics relative movement of calcium out of bones: bone malignancies, immobility, glucocorticoid therapy, hyperparathyroidism hemoconcentraion: lithium therapy clinical outcomes: no movement of GI tract, decreased tendon reflexes, decreased muscle tone, osteoporosis, kidney stones, bone pain, confusion, weakness, bradyarrhythmias, cardia arrest
Calcium excess (hypercalcemia) 2
diagnostic tests: serum calcium (increased), INR(blood clotting time test) (decreased) TERM 37
Decreased serum calcium
(hypocalcemia)
DEFINITION 37 actual decreased intake: inadequate oral intake of calcium and Vit D, lactose intolerance, malabsorption syndromes increased output: diarrhea, steatorrhea( fat in stool), wound drainage relative conditions which decrease ionized calcium: alkalosis, hyperproteinemia, hyperphospatemia, decreased secretion from the parathyroid gland, removal or destruction of the gland during thyroid radiation or surgery clinical outcomes: positive Trousseau's sign (BP causes hand to contract inward), positive Chvostek's sign (tap facial nerve TERM 38
Decreased serum calcium (hypocalcemia)
DEFINITION 38 and face twitches b/c deficit of calcium and nerves fire faster), tonic muscle spasms, arrhythmias seizures, numbness and tingling in the extremities diagnostic test: calcium serum (decreased) TERM 39
Acid
DEFINITION 39 a molecule that donates H ions (which is a proton) TERM 40
Base
DEFINITION 40 an ion or molecule that can accept H ions
Respiratory
pH regulator the lungs which control the elimination of CO TERM 47
Bicarbonate buffering system
DEFINITION 47 the kidneys which eliminate H and both reabsorb and generate HCO TERM 48
H/K transcellular exchange
DEFINITION 48 both hydrogen and potassium ion can move freely in and out of the cell, they are both positively charged and when there is excess potassium, the potassium ion moves into the cell and hydrogen moves out, when ECF potassium ion levels are low potassium moves out of the cell and hydrogen move in the cell TERM 49
Metabolic acidosis
DEFINITION 49 primary cause is it a decrease in bicarbonate can also be: overproduction of acid, diabetic ketoacidosis, malnutrition, hypoxia(incomplete metabolism of carbs), under excretion of acid, renal failure, diarrhea (losing base), overconsumption of acid, ASA overdose respiratory compensation: hyperventilation to decrease PCO2, renal compensation manifestations: increased extracellular H concentration, decrease in pH & bicarbonate, alterations in cardiovascular, neurologic, musculoskeletal function from decreased pH TERM 50
Metabolic alkalosis
DEFINITION 50 primary cause is increase in bicarbonate can also be: over-excretion of acid, upper GI losses (vomiting), thiazide diuretics(loss of K, when K is low it moves out of cell and H moves in), overconsumption of base respiratory compensation: hypoventilate to increase PCO renal compensation: if no renal disease, decreased H excretion and decreased HCO3 reabsorption manifestations: blood pH, HCO3, CO2 pH increased, HCO (primary), increased PCO2, neural function, confusion, hyperactive, signs of compensation(rate & depth of resp)
Respiratory acidosis
primary cause is increase in PCO2 (above 45) can also be: drug overdose, lung disease, bronchial asthma, respiratory distress syndrome, airway obstruction, disorders of chest wall and respiratory muscles, paralysis of respiratory muscles, chest injuries, extreme obesity, treatment with anesthetic, breathing air with high CO respiratory compensation: none renal compensation: increased H excretion & increased HCO reabsorption manifestation: blood pH, CO2, HCO3, pH decreased, PCO2, TERM 52
Respiratory acidosis 2
DEFINITION 52 increased HCO3, neural function(dilation of cerebral vessels and depression of neural function, headache, weakness), behaviour changes(confusion, depression, paranoia, hallucinations, tremors, paralysis, stupor and coma), skin(skin warm & flushed), signs of compensation(acid urine) TERM 53
Respiratory alkalosis
DEFINITION 53 primary cause is decreased in PCO can also be: hyperventilation, excessive ventilation (anxiety, psychogenic hyperventilation, hypoxia, reflex stimulation of ventilation, ling disease that reflexively stimulates ventilation, stimulation of respiratory centre, mechanical ventilation) respiratory compensation: none renal compensation: decreased H excretion & decreased HCO reabsorption manifestations: decreased PCO2, deficit in H2CO3, the pH is above 7.45, arterial PCO2 is below 35 TERM 54
Altered development
DEFINITION 54 any abnormal condition which is present at birth or shortly after birth TERM 55
Environmental
DEFINITION 55 nutritional status of mother(folic acid deficit can cause neural tube deforamtion) health status of mother: chronic disease, viral illness, bacterial illness (syphilis, gonorrhoea) maternal substance abuse(fetal alcohol syndrome, cocaine, tobacco use) teratogenes: environmental agents such as radiation or chemical which cause birth defects
Recessive gene
gene that expresses its effect only when present in both chromosomes TERM 62
Modifying genes
DEFINITION 62 gene that influence or alters the effects of another gene TERM 63
Complimentary gene
DEFINITION 63 nonallelic, independent gene, neither of which will express its effect without the presence of another TERM 64
Inhibiting gene
DEFINITION 64 gene that prevents the expression of another gene TERM 65
Codominant gene
DEFINITION 65 the expression of both traits in a heterozygous individual
Penetrance
the percentage of individuals with a given genetype who display the corresponding phenotype. genes with high penetrance are expressed in most of the individuals with the genotype genes with low penetrance are expressed in only a few individuals with the genotype the likely hood of the gene being expressed TERM 67
Variable expressivity
DEFINITION 67 a broad range of phenotypes occurring from the same genotype, some genes have widely variable expressivity different degree to which it can be expressed (light brown eyes vs dark brown eyes) TERM 68
Genetic disorders
DEFINITION 68 abnormalities in genes or chromosomes will produce abnormal outcomes in cellular functioning
