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Anixety and Trauma-Related Disorders (DSM-V) Abnormal Psychology Reviewer, Summaries of Abnormal Psychology

De La Salle University (DLSU)Abnormal Psychology

This set of summary notes on Anxiety and Trauma-Related Disorders provides a structured and accessible way to learn about these conditions. Divided into three key parts, it begins with a concise overview based on the DSM-5, covering diagnostic criteria, symptoms, and treatment options for disorders like Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, PTSD, and others. The second section defines important terms and concepts, offering simplified explanations of key ideas such as trauma triggers, avoidance behaviors, and hypervigilance. The final section includes practice tests with multiple-choice questions and case-based scenarios to help reinforce learning and application. Designed to be comprehensive yet compact, these notes are ideal for students, professionals, and anyone seeking a deeper understanding of these disorders.

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Comprehensive Summary of Anxiety and Trauma-Related Disorders
I. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
1. American Psychiatric Association Definition
o A disorder characterized by excessive anxiety and worry about various
domains, occurring more days than not for at least 6 months (American
Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013).
2. Layman's Term Definition
o Persistent and overwhelming worry about everyday things, like health, work,
or relationships, that is hard to control.
3. Example
o A person worrying excessively about finances despite having stable savings and
income.
4. Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-5)
o Excessive anxiety and worry occurring more days than not for at least 6
months, about a number of events or activities (APA, 2013).
o The individual finds it difficult to control the worry.
o Associated with three (or more) of the following six symptoms: restlessness,
being easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, and
sleep disturbance.
o The anxiety, worry, or physical symptoms cause clinically significant distress
or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
o The disturbance is not attributable to physiological effects of a substance or
another medical condition.
o The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder (APA, 2013).
5. Possible Comorbidities
o Major depressive disorder, panic disorder, substance use disorders (APA, 2013).
6. Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender Differences
o 12-month prevalence in the U.S. is 2.9%; lifetime prevalence is approximately
6%.
o Onset: typically in childhood or adolescence but can occur at any age.
o Gender: Women are twice as likely to develop GAD as men (APA, 2013).
7. Stats
o Approximately one-third of affected individuals seek treatment (Comer & Comer,
2021).
8. Causes
o Biological Factors: Genetic predisposition with an estimated heritability of
30%; neurotransmitter abnormalities, including GABA dysregulation; and
neurobiological differences in areas like the amygdala and stria terminalis
(Kring & Johnson, 2021; APA, 2013).
o Psychological Factors: Anxiety sensitivity, which involves distress in
response to arousal-related sensations, and maladaptive coping mechanisms
(Butcher et al., 2020).
o Environmental Factors: Childhood adversities and non-shared environmental
factors influence susceptibility (Barlow et al., 2017).
9. Treatments
o Psychological: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).
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Comprehensive Summary of Anxiety and Trauma-Related Disorders I. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

  1. American Psychiatric Association Definition o A disorder characterized by excessive anxiety and worry about various domains, occurring more days than not for at least 6 months (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013).
  2. Layman's Term Definition o Persistent and overwhelming worry about everyday things , like health, work, or relationships, that is hard to control.
  3. Example o A person worrying excessively about finances despite having stable savings and income.
  4. Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-5) o Excessive anxiety and worry occurring more days than not for at least 6 months , about a number of events or activities (APA, 2013). o The individual finds it difficult to control the worry. o Associated with three (or more) of the following six symptoms: restlessness, being easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance. o The anxiety, worry, or physical symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. o The disturbance is not attributable to physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. o The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder (APA, 2013).
  5. Possible Comorbidities o Major depressive disorder, panic disorder, substance use disorders (APA, 2013).
  6. Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender Differences o 12 - month prevalence in the U.S. is 2.9% ; lifetime prevalence is approximately 6%. o Onset: typically in childhood or adolescence but can occur at any age. o Gender: Women are twice as likely to develop GAD as men (APA, 2013).
  7. Stats o Approximately one-third of affected individuals seek treatment (Comer & Comer, 2021).
  8. Causes o Biological Factors : Genetic predisposition with an estimated heritability of 30%; neurotransmitter abnormalities , including GABA dysregulation ; and neurobiological differences in areas like the amygdala and stria terminalis (Kring & Johnson, 2021; APA, 2013). o Psychological Factors : Anxiety sensitivity , which involves distress in response to arousal-related sensations, and maladaptive coping mechanisms (Butcher et al., 2020). o Environmental Factors : Childhood adversities and non-shared environmental factors influence susceptibility (Barlow et al., 2017).
  9. Treatments o Psychological: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).

o Pharmacological: SSRIs (e.g., sertraline), SNRIs (e.g., venlafaxine). II. Panic Disorder

  1. American Psychiatric Association Definition o Recurrent unexpected panic attacks with persistent concern about additional attacks or their consequences (APA, 2013).
  2. Layman's Term Definition o Sudden and intense episodes of fear that feel like a heart attack or loss of control.
  3. Example o A person suddenly experiencing chest pain and a racing heart while watching TV, fearing they are dying.
  4. Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-5) o Recurrent unexpected panic attacks (APA, 2013). o At least one of the attacks has been followed by 1 month (or more) of one or both of the following:  Persistent concern or worry about additional panic attacks or their consequences.  Significant maladaptive change in behavior related to the attacks (e.g., behaviors designed to avoid having panic attacks). o The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. o The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder (APA, 2013).
  5. Possible Comorbidities o Agoraphobia, major depressive disorder (APA, 2013).
  6. Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender Differences o 12 - month prevalence in the U.S.: 2 – 3%. o Median age of onset: 20 – 24 years. o Gender: Women are twice as likely to experience panic disorder (APA, 2013).
  7. Stats o Often co-occurs with other anxiety disorders (Comer & Comer, 2021).
  8. Causes o Biological Factors : Moderate heritability (30-34%); dysfunction in brain regions such as the amygdala and hippocampus ; abnormalities in neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine (Barlow et al., 2017). o Psychological Factors : Increased sensitivity to interoceptive cues and a heightened fear response to perceived physical symptoms (Kring & Johnson, 2021). o Environmental Factors : Stressful life events often precede the first panic attack, but not all individuals exposed to such events develop panic disorder (APA, 2013).
  9. Treatments o Psychological: CBT focusing on interoceptive exposure. o Pharmacological: SSRIs (e.g., fluoxetine), benzodiazepines (short-term). III. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

o A cycle of intrusive thoughts and repetitive behaviors to manage anxiety.

  1. Example o Checking locks repeatedly before leaving the house despite knowing they are secure.
  2. Diagnostic Criteria (DSM- 5 ) o Presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both (APA, 2013). o The obsessions or compulsions are time-consuming (e.g., take more than 1 hour per day) or cause significant distress or impairment. o The symptoms are not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. o The disturbance is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder (APA, 2013).
  3. Possible Comorbidities o Anxiety disorders, depression, tic disorders (APA, 2013).
  4. Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender Differences o Lifetime prevalence: 2%. o Onset: typically before 25 years of age. o Gender: Slightly more common in women (APA, 2013).
  5. Stats o Often chronic if untreated (Comer & Comer, 2021).
  6. Causes o Biological Factors : Abnormalities in the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuit , increased serotonin activity , and genetic contributions with higher concordance rates among monozygotic twins (Butcher et al., 2020). o Psychological Factors : Cognitive distortions , low confidence in memory, and difficulty in inhibiting intrusive thoughts (Barlow et al., 2017). o Environmental Factors : Early infections or autoimmune responses (e.g., PANDAS) and environmental stressors (APA, 2013).
  7. Treatments o Psychological: Exposure and response prevention (ERP). o Pharmacological: SSRIs (e.g., fluvoxamine). V. Agoraphobia
  8. American Psychiatric Association Definition o Agoraphobia is characterized by marked fear or anxiety about two or more situations such as using public transportation, being in open spaces, being in enclosed spaces, standing in line, being in a crowd, or being outside of the home alone due to thoughts that escape might be difficult or help unavailable during panic-like or other incapacitating symptoms (APA, 2013).
  9. Layman's Term Definition o A fear of being in situations where escape or help may not be avai lable, often leading to avoidance of public places or open spaces.
  10. Example o A person refusing to leave their house because they fear having a panic attack in a public setting.
  11. Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-5)

o Marked fear or anxiety about two (or more) of the following situations:  Using public transportation.  Being in open spaces.  Being in enclosed spaces.  Standing in line or being in a crowd.  Being outside of the home alone. o The situations almost always provoke fear or anxiety. o The situations are actively avoided , require the presence of a companion, or are endured with intense fear. o The fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual danger posed. o The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, typically lasting for 6 months or more. o The fear, anxiety, or avoidance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. o The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder.

  1. Possible Comorbidities o Panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, depression (APA, 2013).
  2. Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender Differences o 12 - month prevalence in the U.S.: 1.7%. o Age of onset typically occurs in late adolescence or early adulthood. o Women are twice as likely to be affected as men (APA, 2013).
  3. Stats o Up to one-third of individuals with agoraphobia experience it without a history of panic disorder.
  4. Causes o Biological Factors : Genetic predisposition , increased sensitivity in the brain’s fear network. o Psychological Factors : Fear of fear hypothesis , where individuals become afraid of fear-related sensations due to a history of panic attacks. o Environmental Factors : Stressful life events , such as abuse or trauma , may increase the risk of developing agoraphobia.
  5. Treatments o Psychological: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) with exposure strategies. o Pharmacological: SSRIs (e.g., sertraline), benzodiazepines for short-term relief of acute anxiety. VI. Specific Phobias
  6. American Psychiatric Association Definition o Marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation , leading to avoidance and significant distress (APA, 2013).
  7. Layman's Term Definition o An intense, irrational fear of specific objects or situations like spiders, heights, or flying.
  8. Example o Avoiding elevators due to a fear of enclosed spaces.

o Persistent fear lasting 6 months or more. o Causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. o Not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. o Not better explained by another mental disorder (APA, 2013).

  1. Possible Comorbidities o Generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, substance use disorders (APA, 2013).
  2. Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender Differences o Lifetime prevalence in the U.S.: ~ 12%. o More common in women than men. o Onset typically occurs during adolescence , with a median age of onset at 13 years (Comer & Comer, 2021).
  3. Stats o Approximately 50% of individuals with social anxiety disorder experience onset by age 15. o 36% of affected individuals report experiencing symptoms for 10 or more years before seeking help (Butcher et al., 2020).
  4. Causes o Biological Factors : Genetic predisposition , overactivity in the amygdala. o Psychological Factors : Cognitive distortions , fear of negative evaluation, and maladaptive social learning. o Environmental Factors : Early traumatic or humiliating social experiences , lack of social support.
  5. Treatments o Psychological: CBT with a focus on cognitive restructuring and exposure therapy. o Pharmacological: SSRIs (e.g., sertraline) or SNRIs (e.g., venlafaxine). VIII. Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)
  6. American Psychiatric Association Definition o Body dysmorphic disorder is characterized by a preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance that are not observable or appear slight to others (APA, 2013).
  7. Layman's Term Definition o A persistent and excessive concern about perceived flaws in appearance that others do not notice or find trivial.
  8. Example o A person convinced their nose is deformed and spending hours looking in the mirror or avoiding social situations because of their perceived defect.
  9. Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-5) o Preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance that are not observable or appear slight to others. o The individual performs repetitive behaviors (e.g., mirror checking, excessive grooming) or mental acts (e.g., comparing their appearance with others) in response to the appearance concerns.

o The preoccupation causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. o The appearance preoccupation is not better explained by concerns with body fat or weight in an individual whose symptoms meet diagnostic criteria for an eating disorder (APA, 2013).

  1. Possible Comorbidities o Major depressive disorder, social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (APA, 2013).
  2. Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender Differences o Lifetime prevalence: ~ 2.4% in the general population. o Onset typically occurs during adolescence , with a median age of 16-17 years. o Equal prevalence in males and females , though concerns differ (e.g., muscle dysmorphia in males, facial flaws in females) (Comer & Comer, 2021).
  3. Stats o About 76% of individuals with BDD experience lifetime suicidal ideation , and 24%-28% attempt suicide (Butcher et al., 2020).
  4. Causes o Biological Factors : Genetic predisposition , abnormalities in visual processing areas of the brain. o Psychological Factors : Maladaptive perfectionism , heightened self-criticism. o Environmental Factors : Childhood trauma or teasing , societal emphasis on appearance.
  5. Treatments o Psychological: CBT specifically designed for BDD, focusing on cognitive restructuring and reducing appearance-related behaviors. o Pharmacological: SSRIs (e.g., fluoxetine) are commonly prescribed. X. Hoarding Disorder
  6. American Psychiatric Association Definition o Hoarding disorder is characterized by persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions , regardless of their actual value, due to a perceived need to save them and distress associated with discarding them (APA, 2013).
  7. Layman's Term Definition o A strong, irrational need to keep things , even if they are not useful, leading to clutter and difficulty using living spaces.
  8. Example o A person unable to throw away old newspapers , resulting in piles that block doorways and living areas.
  9. Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-5) o Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions , regardless of their actual value. o Difficulty is due to a perceived need to save items and distress associated with discarding them. o Difficulty discarding possessions results in the accumulation of possessions that clutter active living areas and substantially compromise their intended use.

o The hair pulling is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder (e.g., attempts to improve a perceived defect in body dysmorphic disorder) (APA, 2013).

  1. Possible Comorbidities o Major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (APA, 2013).
  2. Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender Differences o Lifetime prevalence: ~ 1%-2%. o Typically begins during adolescence , most commonly around puberty. o More common in females , with a 10:1 female-to-male ratio in clinical settings (Butcher et al., 2020).
  3. Stats o Approximately 50% of individuals with trichotillomania also engage in other repetitive behaviors, such as nail-biting or skin-picking (Kring & Johnson, 2021).
  4. Causes o Biological Factors : Genetic predisposition , abnormalities in the brain’s reward system. o Psychological Factors : Stress relief or emotional regulation through hair- pulling. o Environmental Factors : Early stressful or traumatic events.
  5. Treatments o Psychological: Habit reversal training (HRT), which involves awareness training and developing competing responses. o Pharmacological: Mixed evidence for effectiveness; SSRIs (e.g., fluoxetine) or clomipramine may be used in severe cases. References American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. Barlow, D. H., Durand, V. M., & Hofmann, S. G. (2017). Abnormal psychology: An integrative approach. Cengage Learning. Butcher, J. N., Mineka, S., & Hooley, J. M. (2020). Abnormal psychology. Pearson. Comer, R. J., & Comer, J. S. (2021). Abnormal psychology. Worth Publishers. Kring, A. M., & Johnson, S. L. (2021). Abnormal psychology: The science and treatment of psychological disorders. Wiley.

Some Important terms for Anxiety and Trauma-Related Disorders

  1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) - A disorder marked by persistent and excessive worry about various domains for at least six months.
  2. Panic Disorder - Characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and ongoing worry about future attacks.
  3. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) - A condition triggered by experiencing or witnessing traumatic events, resulting in intrusive symptoms and hyperarousal.
  4. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) - Marked by the presence of obsessions (intrusive thoughts) and/or compulsions (repetitive behaviors).
  5. Social Anxiety Disorder - A fear of social situations due to concerns about scrutiny and negative evaluation.
  6. Specific Phobia - Intense fear of a specific object or situation that leads to avoidance behavior.
  7. Agoraphobia - Fear of being in situations where escape may be difficult or help unavailable during panic-like symptoms.
  8. Fear - Immediate alarm reaction to a real or perceived threat, involving sympathetic nervous system arousal.
  9. Anxiety - Apprehension over an anticipated threat, often accompanied by physical tension and chronic overarousal.
  10. Comorbidity - The co-occurrence of multiple disorders, such as anxiety and depression.
  11. Fight-or-Flight Response - The body's automatic response to immediate danger, mediated by the sympathetic nervous system.
  12. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) - A psychological treatment focusing on altering negative thought patterns and behaviors.
  13. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) - A class of medications commonly prescribed for anxiety and depression.
  14. Avoidance Behavior - A coping mechanism where individuals avoid feared situations to reduce anxiety.
  15. Intrusive Symptoms - Recurrent, involuntary memories, flashbacks, or nightmares associated with trauma.
  16. Hyperarousal - Persistent state of heightened alertness and reactivity often seen in PTSD.
  17. Classical Conditioning - A learning process through which fear can become associated with previously neutral stimuli.
  18. Interoceptive Cues - Internal bodily sensations that can trigger panic attacks.
  1. Orbitofrontal Cortex - A brain region implicated in OCD and related disorders.
  2. Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) - A disorder in children characterized by withdrawal from caregivers and emotional disturbance due to neglect or abuse.
  3. Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED) - A condition where children show inappropriate social behaviors, like engaging with unfamiliar adults, often due to early neglect.
  4. Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder - A repetitive behavior disorder involving skin picking, resulting in lesions.
  5. Adjustment Disorders - Emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to a stressor, not meeting criteria for other disorders.
  6. Attachment Disorders - Disorders related to difficulties in forming healthy attachments, often due to neglect or abuse during early childhood.
  7. Fear Circuit - Neural pathways, including the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, involved in the body's fear response.
  8. Thought Suppression - Attempts to avoid or suppress intrusive thoughts, often exacerbating them.
  9. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) - A therapy for PTSD involving guided eye movements to process traumatic memories.
  10. Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) - An early intervention method involving group discussion of traumatic events, its effectiveness is debated.
  11. Psychological First Aid (PFA) - An alternative to CISD focusing on immediate needs without eliciting traumatic details.
  12. Imaginal Exposure - A CBT technique for PTSD where patients mentally revisit traumatic events in a controlled environment

Anxiety and Trauma-Related Disorders Test 1

  1. What is the minimum duration for excessive anxiety and worry to qualify as Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) according to DSM-5? A. 3 months B. 6 months C. 1 year D. 2 weeks
  2. Which of the following treatments is most commonly used for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)? A. Benzodiazepines B. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) C. Beta-blockers D. Lithium
  3. In panic disorder, which brain regions are most implicated in the dysfunction causing symptoms? A. Amygdala and hippocampus B. Prefrontal cortex and thalamus C. Cerebellum and occipital lobe D. Temporal lobe and hypothalamus
  4. Which therapeutic approach involves gradual exposure to feared stimuli? A. Cognitive restructuring B. Exposure therapy C. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) D. Habit reversal training
  5. The co-occurrence of multiple disorders is referred to as: A. Comorbidity B. Dual diagnosis C. Cross-disorder vulnerability D. Symptom overlap
  6. Which of the following is a defining feature of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)? A. Intrusive symptoms and hyperarousal

A. Avoidance of feared social situations B. Recurrent pulling out of one's hair C. Intense fear of contamination D. Difficulty discarding possessions

  1. What is the core mechanism behind Exposure Therapy? A. Reducing avoidance behaviors by confronting fears gradually B. Suppressing intrusive thoughts through distraction C. Enhancing neurotransmitter activity with medications D. Building new neural pathways via relaxation techniques
  2. Which of the following neurotransmitters is most implicated in anxiety disorders? A. Dopamine B. Glutamate C. Serotonin D. Acetylcholine
  3. Panic attacks typically peak within: A. 1 minute B. 10 minutes C. 30 minutes D. 1 hour
  4. Which disorder involves avoidance of both crowded and isolated settings due to fear of not being able to escape? A. Social Anxiety Disorder B. Panic Disorder C. Agoraphobia D. Adjustment Disorder
  5. Habit reversal training is most effective for treating: A. Social Anxiety Disorder B. Trichotillomania C. Body Dysmorphic Disorder D. Panic Disorder
  1. What is the primary focus of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for anxiety disorders? A. Suppressing panic symptoms B. Reorganizing maladaptive thought patterns C. Avoiding triggering environments D. Increasing serotonin production
  2. What is a hallmark symptom of Specific Phobias? A. Fear that is out of proportion to actual danger B. Persistent worry about daily activities C. Compulsive behaviors to neutralize fear D. Avoidance of all social interactions
  3. Acute Stress Disorder differs from PTSD in that its symptoms: A. Involve more cognitive distortions B. Last less than 1 month C. Are limited to physical symptoms D. Occur only in children
  4. A student avoids giving presentations and fears that others will criticize their speech. They report sweating, trembling, and nausea in such situations. What is the likely diagnosis? A. Social Anxiety Disorder B. Generalized Anxiety Disorder C. Panic Disorder D. Adjustment Disorder
  5. A 35-year-old is terrified of flying. They avoid all air travel and experience panic attacks when thinking about airplanes. What is the most probable diagnosis? A. Specific Phobia B. Social Anxiety Disorder C. Agoraphobia D. Panic Disorder
  6. A person repeatedly checks if the door is locked, even after verifying it multiple times. This behavior consumes more than 2 hours daily and causes distress. What is the diagnosis? A. Generalized Anxiety Disorder

B. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) C. Generalized Anxiety Disorder D. Panic Disorder

  1. A child who was neglected in early life avoids emotional connections and shows little response to comfort from caregivers. What is the diagnosis? A. Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) B. Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED) C. Adjustment Disorder D. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
  2. A patient spends hours washing their hands daily, fearing contamination despite no evidence of danger. This behavior has caused skin irritation and disrupted their daily activities. What is the diagnosis? A. Specific Phobia B. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) C. Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) D. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
  3. After a traumatic event, a person reports experiencing vivid nightmares, intrusive thoughts, and irritability. Symptoms started 2 weeks ago. What is the most probable diagnosis? A. Acute Stress Disorder B. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) C. Panic Disorder D. Adjustment Disorder
  4. A child willingly approaches and interacts with unfamiliar adults, showing no concern for safety or boundaries. The child experienced severe neglect in infancy. What is the likely diagnosis? A. Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) B. Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED) C. Adjustment Disorder D. Social Anxiety Disorder
  5. A person feels distress over a perceived imperfection in their skin, which others find unnoticeable. They spend excessive time using cosmetics and avoiding social gatherings. What is the diagnosis?

A. Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) B. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) C. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) D. Social Anxiety Disorder

  1. After surviving a natural disaster, an individual is hypervigilant, easily startled, and avoids any reminders of the event. These symptoms have lasted 9 months. What is the diagnosis? A. Acute Stress Disorder B. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) C. Adjustment Disorder D. Specific Phobia
  2. A person faints at the sight of blood during medical procedures. They actively avoid doctor visits due to this fear. What is the most probable diagnosis? A. Panic Disorder B. Specific Phobia (Blood-Injection-Injury Type) C. Social Anxiety Disorder D. Acute Stress Disorder
  3. A woman avoids crowded spaces and refuses to use public transportation due to fear of being trapped and unable to escape. Which diagnosis fits best? A. Agoraphobia B. Panic Disorder C. Specific Phobia D. Social Anxiety Disorder
  4. An individual has recurring thoughts about harming others, which they find deeply distressing and try to suppress. They repeatedly check their surroundings to prevent accidents. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) B. Panic Disorder C. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) D. Acute Stress Disorder
  5. A college student reports excessive worry about upcoming exams and their future, despite being well-prepared. They experience muscle tension and difficulty sleeping for the past 7 months. What is the diagnosis?