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Anatomy kidney and ureter with surface markings and relations and some clinical notes
Typology: Lecture notes
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Bean-shaped Right kidney is lower than left kidney Kidneys are retroperitoneal in posterior abdominal region, extending levels T12 – L Above each kidney is a suprarenal gland, separated from kidney by a layer of fascia
Anterior surface of each kidney is related to numerous structures (1) Directly OR (2) With an intervening layer of peritoneum
Posterior surface of each kidney is related to similar structures
C. RENAL FAT and FASCIA From innermost to outermost:
Renal artery divides into 5 separate Segmental arteries:
Renal vasculature follows the following pathway
Parasympathetic nervous system
Most renal lymphatic drainage is into Lumbar lymph nodes (which surround abdominal aorta)
Ureters receive arterial branches from adjacent vessels as they pass towards the bladder: (1) Upper end: Supplied by renal arteries (2) Middle part: Supplied by - abdominal aorta - testicular/ovarian arteries - common iliac arteries (3) In pelvic cavity: Supplied by internal iliac arteries
Involves (1) Renal (2) Aortic (3) Superior Hypogastric (4) Inferior Hypogastric plexuses Visceral efferent fibres : From sympathetic and parasympathetic sources Visceral afferent fibres : Return to T11-L2 spinal cord I.e. Ureteric pain is referred to cutaneous area supplied by T11-L2, including:
Arterial Supply: Arises from 3 primary sources: (1) Superior suprarenal arteries : From Inferior phrenic arteries (2) Middle suprarenal artery: From Abdominal aorta (3) Inferior branches: From Renal arteries Venous Drainage: (1) Right suprarenal vein: - Short - Almost immediately enters IVC (2) Left suprarenal vein: - Passes inferiorly to enter left renal vein
Resection: Surgical removal of structures, organs Retroperitoneal: Situated behind the peritoneum