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Anatomy and Physiology Lesson 1 to 4, Summaries of Anatomy

Asia Pacific College (APC)Anatomy

Anatomy Physiology Lesson 1 to 4

Typology: Summaries

2021/2022

Uploaded on 05/13/2023

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS AND POSITIONS
Joy Avante, MD
N/A
OUTLINE
I. Anatomical Position and
Directional Terms
II.
III. Major Parts of the Brain
I. ANATOMICAL POSITION AND DIRECTIONAL TERMS
ANATOMY
- Latin word anatomia - which means dissection.
- Greek - anatome, from (anatemnein) to dissect,
from ana- +temnein to cut.
- A branch of morphology that deals with the
structure of organisms.
- The art of separating the parts of an organism in
order to ascertain their position, relations,
structure, and function.
PHYSIOLOGY
- A science that deals with the ways that living
things function.
- A branch of biology that deals with the functions
and activities or of life living matter and of the
physical and chemical phenomena involved.
ANATOMICAL POSITION AND DIRECTIONAL TERMS
- Describe the position of the body in the
anatomical position.
- Describe the position of the body when the body
is in the prone position.
- Describe the position of the body when the body
is in the supine position.
- Ude directional terms to describe the position of a
human body structure relative to another human
body structure.
THE ANATOMICAL POSITION
- Standing up straight.
- Feet close together with toes
forward.
- Arms at sides with palms facing
forward.
Figure 1.1
Figure 1.2
Supine - lying face upward.
Prone - lying face downward.
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
- Superior
- Cranial
- Inferior
- Caudal
- Anterior
- Ventral
- Posterior
- Dorsal
- Medial
- Lateral
- Superficial
- Deep
- Ipsilateral
- Contralateral
Figure 1.3
-Superior - The top/closer to the top of the body
- Cranial - Head/closer to the head
-Inferior - The bottom/closer to the bottom of the
body.
- Caudal - Tail/closer to the tail.
-Anterior - Front/closer to the front
- Ventral - Belly/closer to the belly
-Posterior - Back/closer to the back
- Dorsal - Spine/closer to the spine
-Medial - Closer to midline
-Lateral - Further from midline
-Proximal - Closer to attachment or beginning
-Distal - Further from attachment or beginning
-Superficial - Closer to the body surface
-Deep - Further from the body surface
-Ipsilateral - Two or more structures on the same
side of the body
-Contralateral - Two or more structures on the
opposite side of the body.
TWO MAJOR DIVISIONS OF BODY
- Axial: Head, neck, and trunk
- Appendicular: Limbs
Figure 1.4
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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS AND POSITIONS

Joy Avante, MD

N/A

OUTLINE

I. Anatomical Position and Directional Terms II. III. Major Parts of the Brain I. ANATOMICAL POSITION AND DIRECTIONAL TERMS ANATOMY

  • Latin word anatomia - which means dissection.
  • Greek - anatome, from ( anatemnein ) to dissect, from ana- + temnein to cut.
  • A branch of morphology that deals with the structure of organisms.
  • The art of separating the parts of an organism in order to ascertain their position, relations, structure, and function. PHYSIOLOGY
  • A science that deals with the ways that living things function.
  • A branch of biology that deals with the functions and activities or of life living matter and of the physical and chemical phenomena involved. ANATOMICAL POSITION AND DIRECTIONAL TERMS
  • Describe the position of the body in the anatomical position.
  • Describe the position of the body when the body is in the prone position.
  • Describe the position of the body when the body is in the supine position.
  • Ude directional terms to describe the position of a human body structure relative to another human body structure. THE ANATOMICAL POSITION
  • Standing up straight.
  • Feet close together with toes forward.
  • Arms at sides with palms facing forward. Figure 1. Figure 1. Supine - lying face upward. Prone - lying face downward. **DIRECTIONAL TERMS
  • Superior**
  • Cranial - Inferior
  • Caudal - Anterior
  • Ventral - Posterior
  • Dorsal **- Medial
  • Lateral
  • Superficial
  • Deep
  • Ipsilateral
  • Contralateral Figure 1.**
  • Superior - The top/closer to the top of the body
  • Cranial - Head/closer to the head
  • Inferior - The bottom/closer to the bottom of the body.
  • Caudal - Tail/closer to the tail.
  • Anterior - Front/closer to the front
  • Ventral - Belly/closer to the belly
  • Posterior - Back/closer to the back
  • Dorsal - Spine/closer to the spine
  • Medial - Closer to midline
  • Lateral - Further from midline
  • Proximal - Closer to attachment or beginning
  • Distal - Further from attachment or beginning
  • Superficial - Closer to the body surface
  • Deep - Further from the body surface
  • Ipsilateral - Two or more structures on the same side of the body
  • Contralateral - Two or more structures on the opposite side of the body. TWO MAJOR DIVISIONS OF BODY
  • Axial: Head, neck, and trunk
  • Appendicular: Limbs Figure 1.

Figure 1. 9 Abdominopelvic Regions Figure 1. 4 Abdominopelvic quadrants Figure 1. TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN - QUADRANTS AND REGIONS Quadrants

  1. Upper right
  2. Lower right
  3. Upper left
  4. Lower left Regions
  5. Right Hypochondriac
  6. Epigastric
  7. Left Hypochondriac
  8. Right Lumbar
  9. Umbilical
  10. Left Lumbar
  11. Right Iliac
  12. Hypogastric
  13. Left Iliac Figure 1.

II. SKULL

8 CRANIAL BONES

  • Frontal
  • Parietal (2)
  • Sphenoid
  • Temporal (2)
  • Occipital Figure 2. STRUCTURES OF EACH CRANIAL BONES Frontal Bone Structure (1) Frontal Sinuses - two cavities located above the orbits Figure 2. Parietal Bone Structures (2) Sagittal Suture - middle line/ suture Coronal Suture - top bottom lines/suture Figure 2.3 Sagittal Suture on top; Coronal Suture on the bottom Temporal Bone Structures (6) Squamosal Suture Mandibular Fossa Mandibular Condyle Zygomatic Process External Auditory Meatus Internal Auditory Meatus Figure 2.4 Figure 2. Figure 2.

Cribriform Plate Figure 2. Occipital Bone Structures (3) Lambdoidal Sutures Foramen Magnum Occipital Condyles Occipital Bone (External) Figure 2. Lambdoidal Sutures Figure 2. Foramen Magnum Figure 2. Occipital Condyles Figure 2. Mandible / Jaw Structures (2) Mandibular Condyle Mandibular Foramen Mandibular Condyle Figure 2. Mandibular Foramen Figure 2. III. RIBS Ribs

  • The long curved bones; form a cage.
  • To protect the lungs and other internal organs of the thorax.
  • Humans have 24 ribs.
    • First 7 = True ribs (attached to the sternum)
    • 8–12 = False ribs
    • 11 & 12 = Floating ribs
  • Increase in size from 1–
  • Decrease in rib 12 Figure 3.

Figure 3. IV. SHOULDER GIRDLE/PECTORAL GIRDLE Scapula

  • 2 angles: Superior & Inferior
  • 3 borders: Medial, Lateral, & Superior
  • 3 processes: Spine, Acromion, & Coracoid
  • 2 surfaces: Anterior (Costal) & Posterior
  • Anterior surface: subscapular fossa
  • Posterior surface is divided by two: Superior half and Anterior half
  • Superior half: supraspinous fossa
  • Anterior half: infraspinous fossa Glenoid fossa
  • Articulates with the humerus
  • It has 2 tubercle: supraglenoid tubercle & infraglenoid tubercle Notch of the Scapula
  • Suprascapular notch Figure 4. Figure 4.2 Figure 4. Figure 4. Figure 4.

V. SPINE

Vertebral column

  • 24 articulating vertebrae + sacrum & coccyx
  • 7 cervical vertebrae
  • 12 thoracic vertebrae
  • 5 lumbar vertebrae Sacrum
  • 5 fused vertebrae Coccyx
  • 4 fused vertebrae Intervertebral disc
  • To absorb shock
  • Outer part: Annulus Fibrosus
  • Inner part: Nucleus Pulposus - Soft, jelly-like substance Important Reminders: Spinal nerves emerge from intervertebral foramen. Even though there are 7 cervical vertebrae, there are 8 cervical spinal nerves. The eighth cervical nerve exits above the T1 vertebrae. C1 = Atlas; C2 = Axis 4 Curves: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, & Pelvic Curve VI. HANDS Carpals
  • 8 bones
  • “Carpal” meaning wrist in Latin

2 Proximal Carpal Bones: Scaphoid & Lunate - Condyloid Joint 8 carpal bones has two rows: Proximal & Distal Proximal Row: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum,& Pisiform Distal Row: Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, & Hamate Capitate: From Latin capitatus (“having a head”) The hamate bone (from Latin hamatus, "hooked") Metacarpals

  • Meta means “after”
  • 1 to 5 (starts at thumb) Phalanges
  • Singular form: Phalanx
  • Thumb has two Phalanges: Proximal and Distal
  • Other four fingers: Proximal, Middle, & Distal Joints Joints between the carpals and metacarpals: Carpometacarpal joints Joints between the metacarpals and phalanges: Metacarpophalangeal joints Thumb: Intermediate Phalangeal Joint Other four fingers: Proximal Interphalangeal Joint and Distal Interphalangeal Joint Avascular necrosis
  • Death of bone tissue due to lack of blood supply VII. RADIUS AND ULNA Radius and Ulna
  • Articulate distally and proximally with each other
  • Articulation with the humerus:Radius:Capitulum, Ulna: Trochlea