Download Anatomy and Physiology: Chapter 1 - The Human Organism and more Lecture notes Human Physiology in PDF only on Docsity!
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 1: The Human Organism BASIC LIFE PROCESSES
1. METABOLISM โ ability to use energy โ Two Phases of Metabolism 1. CATABOLISM (catabol= throwing down; -ism= a condition) - breakdown of complex; produce energy 2. ANABOLISM (anabol= raising up) - building up smaller to complex; uses energy 2. MOVEMENT/ORGANIZATION โ refers to the specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform. 3. REPRODUCTION โ formation of new cell for tissue growth, repair or requirement โ roduction of new individual 4.. RESPONSIVENESS โ ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment 5. GROWTH โ increase in body size; increase in the number of cells 6. DEVELOPMENT/ DIFFERENTIATION โ changes of an organism through time โ DEVELOPMENT- growth but also involves differentiation โ DIFFERENTIATION- changes in cell structure and function from generalized
HOMEOSTASIS
โ Homeo- sameness โ Stasis= standstill โ "The existence and maintenance of the balance" โ VARIABLE- factor being regulated SET โ VALUE POINT- normal range Component of Homeostatic Control System โ RECEPTOR- detects changes and signal the control center โ CONTROL CENTER- analyzes the information it receives and determine the appropriate response โ EFFECTOR- receives output and produce the response
LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
โ SUPERIOR/CRANIAL- upper part โ INFERIOR/CAUDAL-lower part โ ANTERIOR/VENTRAL- front โ POSTERIOR/DORSAL- back โ MEDIAL- inner side โ LATERAL- outer side โ INTERMEDIATE- in between โ SUPERFICIAL- more external โ DEEP- more internal โ IPSILATERAL- same side โ CONTRALATERAL- opposite โ side PROXIMAL- near to the โ trunk DISTAL- far to the trunk โ DIGIT/PHALANGEAL- finger โ PUBIC- pubis โ FEMORAL- thigh โ PATELLAR- front of knee โ CRURAL- leg or shin โ TARSAL- ankle โ DIGITAL- toe โ PEDAL- foot โ DORSUM- top of foot โ HALLUX- great toe โ CRANIAL- skull โ FACIAL- face โ CEPHALIC- head โ FRONTAL- forehead โ TEMPORAL- temple โ ORBITAL/OCULAR- eye โ OTIC- ear โ BUCCAL- cheek โ NASAL- nose โ ORAL- mouth โ MENTAL- chin โ CLAVICLE- neck โ STERNAL- breastbone โ AXILLARY- armpit โ THORACIC- chest โ MAMMARY- breast โ BRACHIAL_ arm โ ANTECUBITAL- front of elbow โ ANTEBRACHIAL- forearm โ ABDOMINAL- abdomen โ UMBILICAL- navel โ COXAL- hip โ INGUINAL- groin โ PELVIC- pelvis โ POLLEX- thumb โ MANUAL- hand โ PALMAR/VOLAR- palm โ CARPAL- wrist โ OCCIPITAL- base of skull โ SCAPULAR- shoulder blade โ VERTEBRAL- spinal column โ DORSAL- back โ LUMBAR- loin โ SACRAL- between hips โ OLECRANAL/CUBITAL โ back of elbow โ GLUTEAL- buttock โ PERINEAL- region of anus & โ external organs โ DORSUM- back of hand โ POPLITEAL- hollow behind โ knee โ SURAL- calf โ PLANTAR- sole โ CALCANEAL- heel
BODY CAVITIES
CAVITIES
โ The body contains many cavities. Some of these cavities, such as the nasal cavity, open to the outside of the body, and some do not. The trunk contains three large cavities that do not open to the outside of the body: the thoracic cavity, the abdominal cavity, and the pelvic cavity โ The thoracic cavity is surrounded by the rib cage and is separated from the abdominal cavity by the muscular diaphragm. It is divided into right and left parts by a median structure called the mediastinum. The mediastinum is a partition containing the heart, the thymus, the trachea, the esophagus, and other structures. The two lungs are located on each side of the mediastinum. โ The abdominal cavity is bounded primarily by the abdominal muscles and contains the stomach, the intestines, the liver, the spleen, the pancreas, and the kidneys. โ The pelvic cavity is a small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs. โ The abdominal and pelvic cavities are not physically separated and are sometimes called the abdominopelvic cavity.
SEROUS MEMBRANE
โ Serous membranes line the trunk cavities and cover the organs of these cavities. โ To understand the relationship between serous membranes and an organ, imagine pushing your fist into an inflated balloon. โ The inner balloon wall in contact with your fist represents the visceral serous membrane, and the outer part of the balloon wall represents the parietal serous membrane. โ The cavity, or space, between the visceral and parietal serous membranes is normally filled with a thin, lubricating film of serous fluid produced by the membranes. As an organ rubs against another organ or against the body wall, the serous fluid and smooth serous membranes reduce friction The thoracic cavity contains three serous membrane lined cavities: a pericardial cavity and two pleural cavities. PLEURAL CAVITY โ A pleural cavity surrounds each lung, which is covered by visceral pleura. Parietal pleura lines the inner surface of the thoracic wall, the lateral surfaces of the mediastinum, and the superior surface of the diaphragm. The pleural cavity is located between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura and contains pleural fluid PERICARDIAL CAVITY โ The pericardial cavity surrounds the heart. The visceral pericardium covers the heart, which is contained within a connective tissue sac lined with the parietal pericardium. The pericardial cavity, which contains pericardial fluid, is located between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium. โ The abdominopelvic cavity contains a serous membrane-lined cavity called the peritoneal cavity. Visceral peritoneum covers many of the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity. Parietal peritoneum lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity and the inferior surface of the diaphragm. โ The peritoneal cavity is located between the visceral peritoneum and the parietal peritoneum and contains peritoneal fluid.
cuts an organ at a right angle to the long axis, and an oblique section cuts across the long axis at an angle other than a right angle. BODY CAVITIES
- The thoracic cavity is bounded by the ribs and the diaphragm. The mediastinum divides the thoracic cavity into two parts.
- The abdominal cavity is bounded by the diaphragm and the abdominal muscles.
- The pelvic cavity is surrounded by the pelvic bones. SEROUS MEMBRANES
- The trunk cavities are lined by serous membranes. The parietal part of a serous membrane lines the wall of the cavity, and the visceral part covers the internal organs.
- The serous membranes secrete fluid that fills the space between the parietal and visceral membranes. The serous membranes protect organs from friction.
- The pericardial cavity surrounds the heart, the pleural cavities surround the lungs, and the peritoneal cavity surrounds certain abdominal and pelvic organs.
- Mesenteries are parts of the peritoneum that hold the abdominal organs in place and provide a passageway for blood vessels and nerves to organs.
- Retroperitoneal organs are found โbehindโ the parietal peritoneum. The kidneys, the adrenal glands, the pancreas, parts of the intestines, and the urinary bladder are examples of retroperitoneal organs
