Download Anatomy and Physiology 2 Final Exam Questions and correct Answers latest 2023-2024 VERIFIE and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
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Anatomy and Physiology 2 Final Exam
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Red blood cells live about how long? - Ans 120 days Hemoglobin is made up of which of the following? - Ans Heme and globin proteins What are the two pigments that results from the breakdown of RBC's? - Ans Biliverdin and Bilirubin? What are the two functions of hemoglobin? - Ans Transport O2 and CO2 and buffer pH Erythropoietin - Ans produced by the kidney and increases red blood cell formation Red blood cells are known as? - Ans erythrocytes What white blood cells are graulocytes? - Ans Baasophils, eosinophils, neutrophils What are tissue phagocytes? - Ans macrophages What white blood cell is increased in allergic reactions, or in asthma that is caused from allergies? - Ans Eosinophils Monocytes are the largest of white blood cells. What are they? - Ans Immatuture macrophages What white blood cells are phagocytes? - Ans Macrophages and neutrophils Cell that produces antibodies? - Ans B cells? What are the functions of antibodies? -
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Ans Bind/ clump antigen and remove from circulation, Fix complement, and stimulate local changes to prevent spread of toxin or pathogen What white blood cell is considered the "Commanding General of the immune system and pretty much controls the actions of all other white blood cells? - Ans T- helper cells Plasma cells are initially derived from? - Ans B-cells What blood component is greatlty needed for the clotting mechanism? - Ans Fibrinogen What are the main circulating plasma proteins? - Ans Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen What WBC would be increasd in viral infections such as swine flu? - Ans lymphocyte What is the most important antibody molecule? - Ans IgG What protein causes fibrinogen to break up into fragments which then stick together that trap blood cells and platlets? - Ans Thrombin What is responsible for the clotting of blood that comes into contact with foreign substances? - Ans Hageman's factor Glycoproteins are produced by the? - Ans Anterior pituitary gland What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary gland? - Ans GH, FSH, LH, ACTH, PRL, TSH ACTH exerts its action on what gland? - Ans Adrenal cortex Both FSH and LH are hormones that act on what glands? - Ans Ovaries and testes What hormones will be released from the pituitary gland when the hypothalmus secretes GnRH? - Ans FSH and LH
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The largest lymphatic vessel in the body is called the? - Ans Thoracic duct Where do the collecting ducts empty? - Ans Subclavian veins What type of blood is known as the universal donor? - Ans Type O What is the function of the nose? - Ans Warm, filter, humidify incoming air. Smell receptors The nasal septum is made of which of the following bones? - Ans Ethmoid and vomer If a person aspirates a peanut, it is most likely to lodge in which lung? - Ans Right lung What is the carina? - Ans Point where the trachea bifurcates and strongest cough reflex What type of tissue is found in the main stem bronchii? - Ans Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium How long is the trachea? - Ans 10-13 cm What type of cartilage is found in the trachea? - Ans hyaline How many segments are there in the lungs? - Ans 18 total, 10 in right lung and 8 in left lung The first place in the tracheobronchial tree where gas exchange takes place is the? - Ans Respiratory bronchiole Below the terminal broncioles, what type of epithelium is found lining the bronchioles? - Ans Simple cuboidal how many alveoli are there in a newborn? - Ans 50 million How many alveoli are found in an adult? - Ans 300 million
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The gel layer is produced by? - Ans Goblet cells What accessory muscles are frequently used to aid inspiration during strenuous exercise or running, or heavy labor (work)? - Ans Sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis, trapezius, and scaline the primary muscle of inspiration is? - Ans diaphragm Expiration - Ans Usually passive at rest and requires no muscles. Is due to elastic recoil of lungs and alveoli Which portion of the brain controls rate and depth of breathing? - Ans Pons The most potent naturally occurring stimulus for breathing is? - Ans CO What type of epithelium is found lining the trachea? - Ans ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium How fast do cilia beat per minute in the lungs? - Ans 1000- 1300 X per minute The main purpose of surfactant is to? - Ans Decrease surface tension of alveoli to prevent collapse of alveoli on expiration The opening of the mouth to the oropharynx is called the? - Ans Faucies What type of cell found in the alveoli provides for the structure or wall of the alveoli? - Ans Type 1 What is the function of the pores of Kohn found in the alveoli? - Ans Allows for equal distribution of air and surfactant among the adjacent alveoli CO2 + H2O ---> H2CO3 ---> - Ans H+ + HCO3- How is carbon dioxide transported through the blood? - Ans Bound to protein (hemoglobin and plasma proteins), dissolved in plasma and carried as HCO3- or bicarbonate ion
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What happens during ventricular systole? - Ans Mitral and tricuspid valves are closed (A-V valves) and the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic valves) are open If a patient's left ventricle fails, blood is likely to be backed up into the? - Ans Lungs What is the main coronary vein? - Ans Coronary sinus What is the function of papillary muscles and chordae tendinae? - Ans Prevent the A-V valves from prolapsing What vessels transport oxygenated blood back from the lungs (alveoli) to the left atrium? - Ans Pulmonary veins Where does the coronary sinus empty? - Ans Right atrium The "ear-like" appendages found on the outer sides of the atria are known as? - Ans Auricles Which ventricle pumps the most blood? - Ans Both left and right ventricle must pump the same amount of blood per beat or blood will back up somewhere Where do coronary arteries arise? - Ans Sinus of valsalva How many cartilages are there in the adult trachea? - Ans 18- What type of cartilage if ound in the human trachea? - Ans hyaline Where is the last place that ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and cartilage are found in the airways? - Ans terminal bronchiole About how many alveoli are found in the adult? - Ans 300 million On an EKG tracing, what does the QRS represent? - Ans Ventricular depolarization or ventricular contraction
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What does the P wave represent on an EKG tracing? - Ans Atrial depolarization or atrial contraction After H2CO3 has broken down into its constituent components, what happens to the H+ ion? - Ans Bind immediately to hemoglobin for buffering How fast can the A-V node pace theheart if the SA node fails? - Ans 40-60 beats per minutes What is the strongest cough reflex in the body? - Ans Carinal cough reflex What is the total number of teeth in the healthy adult? - Ans 32 What are the order of the ten primary teeth located from the midline towards the sides? - Ans Central incisors, lateral incisors, cuspids, 1st and 2nd molar The characteristics of the crown of the tooth are? - Ans Above the gum line covered with enamel The serous cells produce a watery fluid taht contains which of the following digestive enzymes? - Ans salivary amylase What hormone inhibits acid secretion? - Ans somatostatin Following a meal, the mixing movements of the stomach wall aid in producing a semi-fluid paste of food and gastric juice called? - Ans Chyme What are the protein splitting enzymes of the pancreas? - Ans Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase Secretin - Ans Is a peptide hormone that is released from the small intestine in response to acidic chyme entering the small intestine. Causes the pancreas to release alkaline HCO3- (bicarbonate ions) Which of the following uses cholesterol to produce bile salts? - Ans Hepatic cells The gallbladder has a capacity of? -
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How many lobes does the human liver contain? - Ans 5 What is the fold of visceral peritoneum that seperates the liver into lobes and attaches the liver to the abdominal wall anteriorly? - Ans Falciform ligament Blood containing absorbed nutrients enters the liver through what vessel? - Ans Hepatic portal vein The gallbladder releases bile when stimulated by? - Ans Cholecystokin What is the function of bile salts found in bile? - Ans Aid absorption of fats and fat soluble vitamins Protein splittig enzymes are stored in inactive forms within the pancreas in small structures called? - Ans Zymogen granules Which of the following hormones stimulates the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes? - Ans Cholecystokinin The band of muscle fibers extending the length of the colon are called? - Ans Teniac coli The vermiform appendix is attached to? - Ans Cecum Certain bacteria found within the large intestine can synthesize which vitamins? - Ans Vitamins B-12, K, Thiamine, Riboflavin The common bile duct is formed by the union of? - Ans Common hepatic and cystic ducts After the chlyomicrons have been absorbed by the lymph vessels in the intestinal villi, where do they enter the blood stream at? - Ans Subclavian veins What type of epithelium is found lining the esophagus? - Ans Stratified squamous What is the function of the palatine muscles? - Ans Close the internal nares during swallowing, coughing, and vomiting
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The tubular folds that help chop up or segment the chyme into sections all along the small intestine are? - Ans Plicae circularis The stomach and small intestine contain which type of epithelium? - Ans Simple columnar What is the most important factor when determining glomerular filtration rate? - Ans Hydrostatic pressure (BP) Renin is an enzyme secreted by what structure? - Ans Juxtamerular cells What are the main functions of nephrons? - Ans Excrete wastes and control blood pressure (water balance) Urine formation involves which of the following processes? - Ans glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption What is the name of the muscle found in the urinary bladder? - Ans Detrusor Intracellular fluid contains low concentrations of? - Ans Sodium and chloride What is considered insensible water loss? - Ans Breath vapor from exhalation and drying of exposed portions of the skin Where is the micturition (urination) reflex located? - Ans Sacral region of the spinal cord The distal convoluted tubule passes between which of the following structures allowing for regulation of urinray output? - Ans Afferent and efferent arteriole What type of epithelium lines the ureters and urinary bladder? - Ans Transitional A kidney contains about one million nephrons, each consisting of? - Ans Renal corpuscle and remal tubule The juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of? - Ans Macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells The ureter expands to form a funnel shaped sac called the? - Ans Renal pelvis
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Egg maturation (development) - Ans oogenesis What is the function of the uterus? - Ans Sustaining developing embryo/ fetus One to four highly coiled and covoluted structures in each testicular lobule that is approximately 70 cm's long when uncoiled - Ans Seminepherous tubules A convoluted sac- like structure about 5 cm's long that is attached to the vas deferens near the base of the urinary bladder. - Ans Seminal vessicle Fibromuscular cord that aids movement of the testes during fetaldescention? - Ans gubernaculum Fluid conveyed by the urethra to the outside during ejeculation? - Ans Semen Parturition - Ans Child birth What hormone is thought to be responsible for hiding the fetus from the mother's immune system during pregnancy? - Ans Progesterone Development of secondary characteristics occurs at what age of development? - Ans Puberty Which of the following ligaments holds/ secures the fallopian tubes and uterus? - Ans Broad ligament Most often the egg is fertilized in what female reproductive structure? - Ans Fallopian tubes During spermatogenesis which of the following - Ans ...
