Alternatives to Experimentation: Nonexperimental Designs in Experimental Psychology, Slides of Psychology

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ANTHONY A. ALAGON, MAEd, RGC Senior Lecturer I

Chapter 3:

Alternatives to Experimentation:

Nonexperimental Designs

(Common Nonexperimental Methods)

Alternatives to Experimentation| Experimental Psychology Anthony A. Alagon, MAEd, RGC

Chapter 3: Alternatives to Experimentation

Objectives

• (^) Learn about techniques for studying behavior that do not manipulate antecedent conditions.
• (^) Be familiar with various qualitative research designs.
• (^) Learn about the techniques employed in observational research.
• (^) Learn how to conduct new research using data already collected by other researchers.

Internal validity

• (^) The degree to which a research design allows us to make causal statements between the independent and dependent variables.
• (^) Nonexperimental researches have low internal validity, experimental researches have high internal validity.
• (^) An internally valid experiment allows us to draw cause-and-effect conclusions.

Internal validity

• (^) An experiment has high internal validity when we can demonstrate that only the antecedent conditions are responsible for group differences in behavior.
• (^) Laboratory experiments are often higher in internal validity because of their control of extraneous variable
• (^) Researchers create levels of the IV and use procedures like matching and random assignment conditions.

Two Major Dimensions Approaches in Experimental Research Designs

1. The degree of manipulation of antecedent conditions. o Concerns assignment of subjects to antecedent conditions created for the experiments. 2. The degree of imposition of units. o How much you limit a subject’s responses on the DV.

Non-experimental Research is:

• (^) The research question or hypothesis relates to a single variable rather than a statistical relationship between two variables  Ex. Describing the prevalence of depression among teenager.
• (^) The research question pertains to a non-causal statistical relationship between variables  Ex. Is there a significant correlation between intelligence and emotional stability.

Qualitative Research

• (^) Research that relies on words rather than numbers for the data being collected:
• (^) It focuses on self-reports, personal narratives, expression of ideas, memories, feelings, and thoughts.

5 Common Research design in Qualitative Research:

1. Phenomenology
2. Narrative inquiry or narrative research
3. Case studies
4. Grounded theory
5. Ethnographic research

Phenomenology

• (^) Purpose: to describe the essence of a phenomenon
• (^) Focus: A particular phenomenon as lived or experience by particular people.
• (^) Methods of Data Collection : in-depth interview (purposeful sampling of typically three (3) to ten (10) individuals who have experienced the phenomenon.
• (^) Methods of data Analysis : Analyzing data for significant statements, meaning units, text and structural description, and description of the essence.

THE LIVED EXPERIENCE OF RECOVERY FROM OPIOID ADDICTION FOR ADULTS WITHOUT FAMILY SUPPORT: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY (Coltea, 2016)

• (^) Purpose: to investigate the gap in the research literature on how adults experience recovery from opioid addiction in the absence of family support.
• (^) Focus: This study introduces new, fundamental, and abundant descriptions of what the experience was like for someone to recover from opioid addiction without family support
• (^) Methods of Data Collection : in-depth interview with 12 adult participants (nine male and three female) who were 20 years and above with at least two years of opioid abstinence were recruited from Narcotic Anonymous meetings to participate in the study.
• (^) Methods of data Analysis : Data were thematically analyzed and revealed four (4) major themes showing that the participants attributed the experience of opioid addiction recovery without family support to (a) professional help, (b) support from people in recovery which substituted for lack of family support, (c) Higher Power, and (d) a new life style.

Narrative Research

• (^) Purpose: investigate personal experience as told through stories.
• (^) Focus: Events that occur in a person’s life across time, as well as the settings, activities, situations, and individuals engaged in these events
• (^) Methods of Data Collection : in-depth interview in which the focus is on gathering stories: Journal entries, letters, or other materials.
• (^) Methods of data Analysis : Analyzing data for stories “restorying/retelling” stories, and developing themes (i.e. narrative thematic analysis) often using a chronology.

BEING A VICTIM OF GUN VIOLENCE (Francis, 2018)

• (^) Purpose: to gain a greater understanding of gun violence from the victims personal story.
• (^) Focus: Sharing of participants’ story about their experiences of being a gun victim.
• (^) Methods of Data Collection : face-to-face interviews with sixteen (16) individuals who experienced being a gun victim.
• (^) Methods of data Analysis : Stories were analyzed and revealed four (4) themes such as prevailing nature of everyday violence , feeling abandoned by the institutions of society , living in a context of reactive violence fueled by poverty, and psychological effects following gun violence.

Grounded Theory

• (^) Purpose: create a model/theory that explains a process.
• (^) Focus: A process that includes human behaviors and interactions, as well as how they are influenced by and result from one another.
• (^) Methods of Data Collection : Using primarily with interviews to 20 to 60 individuals
• (^) Methods of data Analysis : Analyzing data through open coding, axial coding, and selective coding

NURSES’ ADAPTATIONS IN CARING FOR COVID-19 PATIENTS (Kim & Kim, 2021)

• (^) Purpose: to explore the nurses adaptation process in caring for COVID-19 patients.
• (^) Focus: to understand nurses’ adaptation processes in caring for COVID-19 patients by examining how these nurses cope and adapt.
• (^) Methods of Data Collection : face-to-face interviews with twenty-three (23) nurses and additional telephone interviews.
• (^) Methods of data Analysis : Open, axial, and selective coding were used resulting to a core category “Growing as a proficient nurse alongside comrades on the COVID-19 frontline, describing the adaptation process consisting of periods of “confusion”, “burnout”, “leaping forward”, “stabilization”.