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Anatomy of the Trigeminal Nerve: A Comprehensive Study, Summaries of Anesthesiology

Centro Escolar University (CEU)Anesthesiology

A detailed exploration of the trigeminal nerve, its divisions (maxillary and mandibular), branches, and their respective functions. It covers the sensory and motor innervations, supplying various regions of the face, oral cavity, and related structures such as the teeth, muscles, and glands.

Typology: Summaries

2023/2024

Available from 04/29/2024

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WITHIN THE CRANIUM
MIDDLE MENINGEAL NERVE
- Dura mater
WITHIN THE PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA
ZYGOMATICO-TEMPORAL
- Skin on the side of the forehead
ZYGOMATICO-FACIAL
- Skin on the prominence of the cheek
PTERYGOPALATINE NERVES
ORBITAL BRANCHES/ ASCENDING
- Periosteum of orbit, sphenoidal sinus,
ethmoidal sinus, lacrimal gland
NASAL/INTERNAL
โ€ข Lateral posterior superior nasal โ€“ supplies the
middle concha, posterior ethmoidal sinus and
posterior part of septum
โ€ข Medial posterior superior nasal or septal- where
the nasopalatine nerve arises to supply the floor
of nasal cavity, anterior part of nasal septum
and the lingual alveolar plate &
mucoperiosteum of incisors & cuspid
MAXILLARY DIVISION
Palatine branches or descending branches โ€“ branch of
the nerve where the following arises:
Greater or anterior
- palatal soft tissues and bone in the region of
premolars & molars.
Middle palatine
- mucous membrane on soft palate, tonsils, uvula
Posterior palatine
- mucous membrane of tonsillar area
Pharyngeal
- mucous membrane of nasal part of pharynx and
posterior to auditory tube
POSTERIOR SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE (PSAN)
- supplies the buccal gingival in the maxillary
molar region, maxillary sinus, alveoli,
periodontal ligaments and pulpal tissues of
maxillary 3rd, 2nd, 1st molar
WITHIN THE INFRAORBITAL CANAL
The maxillary nerve becomes the infraorbital nerve as
it enters the orbital cavity by way of the inferior orbital
fissure and traverses the infraorbital groove and canal at
the floor of the orbit to give off the following branches:
MIDDLE SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE
- pulps of maxillary premolars, mesiobuccal root
of maxillary 1st molar and the periodontal
tissues, buccal soft tissues, alveolar bone in the
region of premolars
ANTERIOR SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE
- pulps of anterior incisors and the periodontal
tissues, labial alveolar bone, mucous membrane
in the region of the incisors
ON THE FACE โ€“ terminal branches are given off by the
nerve as it passes out of the infraorbital foramen
INFERIOR PALPEBRAL
- supplies the skin of the
lower eyelid
LATERAL NASAL
- supplies the skin at the
side of the nose
SUPERIOR LABIAL
- supply the skin of the upper lip
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WITHIN THE CRANIUM

MIDDLE MENINGEAL NERVE

  • Dura mater WITHIN THE PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA ZYGOMATICO-TEMPORAL
  • Skin on the side of the forehead ZYGOMATICO-FACIAL
  • Skin on the prominence of the cheek PTERYGOPALATINE NERVES ORBITAL BRANCHES/ ASCENDING
  • Periosteum of orbit, sphenoidal sinus, ethmoidal sinus, lacrimal gland NASAL/INTERNAL
  • Lateral posterior superior nasal โ€“ supplies the middle concha, posterior ethmoidal sinus and posterior part of septum
  • Medial posterior superior nasal or septal- where the nasopalatine nerve arises to supply the floor of nasal cavity, anterior part of nasal septum and the lingual alveolar plate & mucoperiosteum of incisors & cuspid MAXILLARY DIVISION Palatine branches or descending branches โ€“ branch of the nerve where the following arises: Greater or anterior
  • palatal soft tissues and bone in the region of premolars & molars. Middle palatine
  • mucous membrane on soft palate, tonsils, uvula Posterior palatine
  • mucous membrane of tonsillar area Pharyngeal
  • mucous membrane of nasal part of pharynx and posterior to auditory tube POSTERIOR SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE (PSAN)
  • supplies the buccal gingival in the maxillary molar region, maxillary sinus, alveoli, periodontal ligaments and pulpal tissues of maxillary 3rd, 2nd, 1st molar WITHIN THE INFRAORBITAL CANAL The maxillary nerve becomes the infraorbital nerve as it enters the orbital cavity by way of the inferior orbital fissure and traverses the infraorbital groove and canal at the floor of the orbit to give off the following branches: MIDDLE SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE
  • pulps of maxillary premolars, mesiobuccal root of maxillary 1st molar and the periodontal tissues, buccal soft tissues, alveolar bone in the region of premolars ANTERIOR SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE
  • pulps of anterior incisors and the periodontal tissues, labial alveolar bone, mucous membrane in the region of the incisors ON THE FACE โ€“ terminal branches are given off by the nerve as it passes out of the infraorbital foramen INFERIOR PALPEBRAL
  • supplies the skin of the lower eyelid LATERAL NASAL
  • supplies the skin at the side of the nose SUPERIOR LABIAL
  • supply the skin of the upper lip

SUPERIOR DENTAL PLEXUS

  • network of nerves formed by the 3 superior alveolar nerves before entering the apical foramina OUTER NERVE LOOP
  • formed by the 3 superior alveolar nerves after entering the apical foramina. It innervates the pulp of upper teeth, buccal and labial alveolar plates of anterior & posterior teeth INNER NERVE LOOP
  • collective term for the nerves supplying the palatal alveolar mucosa. It is formed by the nasopalatine nerve of Scarpa & greater palatine nerve 1st molar โ€“ has double nerve innervation namely : MSAN (mesiobuccal root) & PSAN ( palatal & distobuccal roots) MANDIBULAR DIVISION The 3rd division of the trigeminal nerve and classified as a mixed nerve. It leaves the skull by way of foramen ovale. It is generally distributed to provide sensory innervation to the skin of temporal region, auricle, external auditory meatus, cheek, lower lip, chin region, mucous membrane of cheek, tongue,mastoid cells, mandibular teeth, periodontal structure, TMJ and parotid gland. Motor function is provided to the muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani and tensor veli palatine. The nerve leaves its origin in the brain as a single trunk with branches that supplies the dura mater and a branch supplying the medial pterygoid muscle. After a few centimeters, it branches into anterior and posterior trunks where the rest of the b ranches are given off.

A. UNDIVIDED NERVE

NERVUS SPINOSUS

  • to supply the dura mater NERVE TO MEDIAL PTERYGOID MUSCLE
  • supplies the medial pterygoid muscle and branches out to give off branches that supplies the muscles of the same name , nerve to tensor veli palatine and the nerve to tensor tympani B. ANTERIOR DIVISION โ€“ gives off branches providing motor innervation to the rest of the muscles of mastication namely nerve to lateral pterygoid muscle, nerve to temporalis muscle, nerve to masseter muscle which also supplies the TMJ
  • Long buccal nerve is the only sensory branch of this division which supplies the buccal gingiva of mandibular molars, mucobuccal fold in the region of mandibular molars POSTERIOR DIVISION AURICULO-TEMPORAL
  • ear and temporal region branching into the following : a. Anterior auricular โ€“ supplies the front of the upper part of auricle (helix & tragus) b. Branch to external acoustic meatus โ€“ supplies the skin of ear, tympanic membrane c. Articular branch โ€“ supplies the posterior portion of TMJ d. Parotid branch โ€“ supplies the parotid gland e. Superficial temporal branch โ€“ supplies the skin of temporal region LINGUAL
  • supplies the anterior 2/3 of tongue , mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth, gingival on the lingual of mandible and the sublingual gland INFERIOR ALVEOLAR
  • largest branch of the division and it enters the mandibular canal at the level of mandibular foramen. Before entering the foramen it gives off the mylohyoid nerve to provide motor innervation to the anterior belly of digastric and mylohyoid muscle