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ADVANCED PATHO NURS 5315 UTA EXAM 1
QUESTIONS & VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS
UPDATED & ALREADY PASSED!!
"In order for the action potential to be sucessful - CORRECT ANSWER t has to depolarize by
15-20 mV (threshold potential) to reach -55 to -65 mV."
"An alteration in action potential may result from - CORRECT ANSWER neurologic diseases,
muscle disease or electrolyte imbalances." "What is the main protein responsible for maintaining the correct balance of extracellular Na
and intracellular K, which is needed for cellular excitation and membrane conductivity. -
CORRECT ANSWER Na+-K+ ATPase"
"Resting membrane potential - CORRECT ANSWER when the cell is in a nonexcited state and
is at -70 to -85 mV."
"Refractory Period - CORRECT ANSWER is a period of time during most of the action
potential which the cell membrane resists stimulation and it cannot depolarize"
"Physiologic Example of Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -Occurs when there is an increase
in tissue mass after damage or partial resection, allowing the organ to regenerate Ex - removal of part of the liver and the cells regenerating, uterine and mammary gland enlargement occur during pregnancy to meet the demands of the increased work load, callus on foot Ex: (Hormonal) Breast and uterine enlargement during pregnancy."
"Pathological Example of Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -Is an abnormal proliferation of
normal cells usually caused by increased hormonal stimulation Ex - endometrial hyperplasia (imbalnce in estrogen & progesterone with increase in estrogen - risk for cancer), Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), thyroid enlargement - thyroid goiters"
"Pathological Example of Hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER left ventricular hypertrophy
cardiomegaly"
"Physiological Example of Hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER Skeletal muscle, when a
kidney is removed and the other kidney steps in to function as both and increases in size"
"Physiological Example of Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER Shrinking of the thymus gland
during childhood, uterus decreasing in size after childbirth Disuse - skeletal muscle atrophy that occurs from a person being immobilized or bed ridden for a period of time (arm in a cast,"
"Pathological Example of Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER Decrease in workload, pressure, use,
blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation"
"Cellular Injury - CORRECT ANSWER -Occurs when the cell is no longer able to maintain
homeostasis with the result being disease. May or may not be reversible. This is dependent on the type of cell, level of differentiation, ability to adapt and the type, severity and duration of the injury."
"Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) - CORRECT ANSWER -Chemically reactive molecules from
molecular oxygen formed as natural oxidant species in cells during mitochondrial respiration & energy generation. -This form of injury is called oxidative stress"
"Cellular Effect on Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER -Characterized by rapid loss of plasma
membrane structure, organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction. Leads to local cell death and autolysis. Outcome for common injuries (ischemia, toxin exposure, infections, trauma). Swelling, accidental cell death Cell Size - Swelling Nucleus - Pyknosis, karyorrhexis, Karyolysis Plasma Membrane -Disrupted Cellular Contents - Enzymatic digestion; may leak out of cell Adjacent inflammation - Frequent Physiologic or pathologic role - usually pathologic (culmination of irreversible cell injury)"
"Cellular Effect on Apoptosis - CORRECT ANSWER -Regulated/programmed cell process,
"dropping off" of cellular fragments (apoptotic bodies). Reduced (shrinking), plasma membrane intact Cell Size - Shrinking Nucleus - Fragmentation into nucleosome-size fragments Plasma Membrane - Intact; altered structure, especially orientation of lipids Cellular Contents - Intact; may be released in apoptotic bodies Adjacent inflammation - No Physiologic or pathologic role - often physiologic, means of eliminating unwanted cells; may be pathologic after some forms of cell injury, especially DNA damage"
"Metastasis - CORRECT ANSWER is the spread of cancer cells from the site of original tumor
to distant tissues and organs through the body."
"Metastasis occurs when - CORRECT ANSWER the tumor environment has changed to allow
for the transposition of the cancer cells"
"Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) - CORRECT ANSWER process by which a cancer
cells changes to one which can metastasize"
"IL-8 - CORRECT ANSWER is a potent stimulus for cancer cells to undergo EMT"
"TNM - CORRECT ANSWER Tumor spread
Node Involvement Presence of Distant Metastasis"
"Autocrine stimulation - CORRECT ANSWER Oncogenes provide a cancer cell with the ability
to secrete growth factors that stimulate their own growth which is known as"
"Genetic Events that activate oncogenes - CORRECT ANSWER point mutations,
translocations, gene amplification"
"Oncogenes - CORRECT ANSWER -Proto-oncogenes produce proteins that regulate cellular
proliferation -These are proto-oncogenes that have mutated -Cancer cells contain these"
"Tumor Suppressor Genes - CORRECT ANSWER -inactivation contributes to the unregulated
growth and proliferation of cancer cells -Stop cell division in damaged cells & prevent mutations"
"Known as anti-oncogenes - CORRECT ANSWER Tumor Suppressor Genes
*2 of these genes in each cell must be turned off by the cancer to halt their effects"
"P53 Tumor Suppressor Gene - CORRECT ANSWER -monitors cellular stress and activating
caretaker genes, maintain integrity of the genome. -Produces proteins that repair damaged or mutated DNA. Controls initiation of cellular senescence (stop cell division), apoptosis, and suppresses cell division until DNA is repaired"
"BRCA gown increases the risk of - CORRECT ANSWER ovarian, breast, and prostate cancer"
"BRCA gene in men increases risk of - CORRECT ANSWER prostate, melanoma, colon,
pancreatic, breast cancer"
"Paraneoplastic Syndromes - CORRECT ANSWER -Are a constellation of symptoms which
are ignited by cancer but are not caused by direct local effects of tumor mass -Typically triggered by the release of substances from a tumor"
"These patients have an increase in apoptosis and impaired ability to regenerate cells -
CORRECT ANSWER Cachexia"
"Is a catabolic process and results in a wasting syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER Cachexia"
"S/S of Cachexia - CORRECT ANSWER -Loss of appetite, cardiac atrophy and dysfunction, gut
barrier dysfunction, the release of proinflammatory mediators, release of acute thermogenesis, weight loss and muscle wasting"
"Na is important in maintaining - CORRECT ANSWER -Neuromuscular Nerve Impulse
Conduction -Acid Base Balance -Cellular Chemical Processes -Cell Membrane Transport Systems"
"Sodium is regulated by - CORRECT ANSWER ADH, RAAS, Kidneys"
"Hydrostatic Pressure - CORRECT ANSWER Force within a fluid compartment - the
mechanical force of fluid against the walls of a compartment (blood pressure)"
"Oncotic Pressure - CORRECT ANSWER Force that helps to keep water/fluid in a
compartment Contributes to osmotic pressure and exerted by plasma proteins (Albumin is the main plasma protein)."
"Effective Arterial Blood Volume - CORRECT ANSWER -Amount of blood within arterial
space which perfuses organs and tissues. -Volume changes in the extracellular fluid compartment will cause changes to this"
"Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - CORRECT ANSWER Secreted by pituitary gland d/t water
deficit, sodium excess or ↓ BP Causes kidneys to reabsorb water to ↑ plasma volume"
Hemoglobin"
"Metabolic Acids - CORRECT ANSWER Carbonic Acid
Lactic Acid Sulfuric Acid Phosphoric Acid Ketone Bodies"
"Carbonic Acid - CORRECT ANSWER H2CO
Is a byproduct of aerobic metabolism"
"Lactic Acid - CORRECT ANSWER Byproduct of anaerobic metabolism of glucose"
"Sulfuric Acid - CORRECT ANSWER Results from oxidation of sulfur containing aminoacids"
"Phosphoric Acid - CORRECT ANSWER Results from metabolism of phosphoproteins and
ribonucleotides which are used as an energy source"
"Ketone Bodies - CORRECT ANSWER Acids that result from breakdown of fats"
"pH - CORRECT ANSWER -Is the measure of the body alkalinity and acidity.
-The value is inversely proportional to the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood."
"Total Body Weight decreases as we age due to - CORRECT ANSWER -Increase in body fat
-Decrease in muscle mass -Decrease in ability to regulate sodium and water balance -Decrease in renal function -Elderly are very susceptible to dehydration d/t increased insensible water loss"
"PCO2 - CORRECT ANSWER -Measures the partial pressure of arterial CO2 in the blood
(dissolved in the blood) and reflects ventilation. -The higher this level is, the faster the respirations are and vice versa."
"HCO3 - CORRECT ANSWER -Is a direct measurement of the amount of bicarbonate in the
blood. -It reflects the metabolic component of acid base balances, specifically the kidney."
"PaO2 - CORRECT ANSWER Is a measure of the partial pressure of arterial O2, which is the
amount of oxygen content that is dissolved in the arterial blood."
"Base Excess/Deficit - CORRECT ANSWER -Is a value which is calculated from the pH, PCO2,
and the hematocrit. -It represents the amount of anions available for buffering."
"A negative base excess represents - CORRECT ANSWER metabolic acidosis"
"A positive base excess represents - CORRECT ANSWER metabolic alkalosis or compensation
for respiratory acidosis"
"Clinical Manifestations of Respiratory Acidosis - CORRECT ANSWER Hypercalcemia,
Hyperkalemia, Vasodilation, tremors, disorientation, restlessness, muscle twitching, and seizures, H/A, blurred vision, hypotension"
"Respiratory Alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER Results from a deficiency of PaCO2. Occurs
when there is an increase in alveolar hyperventilation - lungs are blowing off too much CO2."
"Clinical Manifestations of Respiratory Alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER Irritating to the CNS
and PNS - neuro s/s: dizziness, confusion, paresthesia's, seizures, and coma"
"Causes of Respiratory Alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER Hypoxemia, pulmonary embolism,
congestive heart failure, high altitudes, fever, gm negative sepsis, or severe anemia, psychogenic hyperventilation, hepatic failure, salicylate overdose, drugs such as catecholamines, methylphenidate3, nicotine, progesterone, or mechanical ventilation."
"Genotype - CORRECT ANSWER is a persons genetic composition
Actual genes specific to the individual"
"Phenotype - CORRECT ANSWER Expression of the gene
is a persons observable characteristics"
"Carrier - CORRECT ANSWER is a person who has a diseased gene but is phenotypically
normal"
"Will a person carrying a recessive diseased allele have s/s of disease - CORRECT ANSWER
No"
"DNA is composed of - CORRECT ANSWER nucleotides (adenine, thymine, guanine,
cytosine)"
"Inversions - CORRECT ANSWER 2 breaks of chromosome followed by reinsertion of missing
fragment at original site, but inverted. ABCDE would be ABDCE. No apparent physical effect; but off spring may have genetic issues (chromosomal deletions or duplications)."
"Translocation - CORRECT ANSWER an exchange of genetic material btwn non- homologous
chromosomes. Usually no physical problems, but offspring can have genetic problems."
"Reciprocal Translocation - CORRECT ANSWER When breaks take place in 2 different
chromosomes & the material is exchanged. Carrier's gametes can be normal, carry the translocation, or have duplications & deletion."
"Fragile Sites - CORRECT ANSWER When chromosomes develop microscopically observable
breaks & gaps d/t cultured in folate deficient medium. No apparent relationship to disease. Except fragile X syndrome - substantial cognitive impartment"
"Locus - CORRECT ANSWER position along a chromosome"
"Polymorphic - CORRECT ANSWER occurring in several different forms"
"Polymorphism - CORRECT ANSWER presence of genetic variation within a population"
"Homozygous - CORRECT ANSWER when the genotypes of two alleles are identical for a
particular trait Ex: two dominant or two recessive alleles (EE or ee)"
"Alleles - CORRECT ANSWER paired genes. one dominant/one recessive"
"Heterozygous - CORRECT ANSWER when a dominant and recessive allele are present
Ee"
"Recessive - CORRECT ANSWER both alleles must be recessive, and both alleles must be
affected by the mutation (for the person to actually have the disease) if only one , then they are a carrier and will not manifest the disease"
"Homozygote - CORRECT ANSWER for a recessive allele to be expressed, it must be
homozygote aa"
"Codominance - CORRECT ANSWER herozygote that are both dominate, ABO blood group"
"Sex linked chromosome - CORRECT ANSWER the 23rd chromosome that determines sex"
"Autosomal Chromosomes - CORRECT ANSWER the first 22 chromosomes"
"Recessive Allele - CORRECT ANSWER Cystic fibrosis, 1/25 Caucasians are carriers."
"Dominant Allele - CORRECT ANSWER Huntinton's disease"
"Sex Limited Trait - CORRECT ANSWER one that can occur in only one of the sexes, often
because of anatomic differences. Uterine & testicular defects."
"Sex influenced trait - CORRECT ANSWER occurs much more often in one sex than the other.
Male pattern baldness, breast cancer."
"Difference in the transmission of autosomal and sex linked genetic diseases - CORRECT
ANSWER sex linked - recessive traits males are more
affected autosomal - both sexes have equal chances of being affected"
“Steps of the Action Potential - CORRECT ANSWER Depolarization
Repolarization Hyperpolarization"
"Depolarization - CORRECT ANSWER movement of the intracellular charge towards zero
(more positive charge) Voltage gated Na channels open and allow Na to enter the cell -> voltage inside the cell moves towards zero"
"Repolarization - CORRECT ANSWER Once the intracellular charge reaches zero, the
negative polarity of the inside of the cell is restored back to its baseline of -70 to -85 mV -Na channels close, K channels open"
"Hyperpolarization - CORRECT ANSWER when the cell's resting membrane potential is
greater than -85mV. Is less excitable, because there is a greater distance between the resting membrane potential and the threshold potential."
"Absolute refractory period - CORRECT ANSWER occurs when the membrane will not
respond to ANY stimulus no matter how strong."
"Relative Refractory Period - CORRECT ANSWER occurs when the membrane is repolarizing
and will only respond to a very strong stimulus."
"Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER decrease or shrinkage in the size of the cell
-Imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation, , reduction of the intracellular contents, also includes a self-eating process called autophagy. -Example: aging brain cells, malnutrition, uterus decreasing in size after childbirth"
"Hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER increase in the size of cells, which ultimately increases
the size of the organ -Etiology: triggers include repetitive stretching, chronic pressure, volume overload -Pathophysiology: hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand, which increases the cellular protein in the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, myofilaments, and mitochondria"
"Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -increase in number of cells, not the size of the cell, which
results from an increased rate of cell division, it can only happen in cells that are capable of mitosis * -Etiology: results from the production of growth factors which stimulate cells to produce new cellular contents and divide"
"Dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of
mature cells due to persistent, severe cell injury or irritation -Disordered cell growth and is mainly found in epithelial tissue of the uterine cervix, the endometrium, GI and respiratory tract mucosa, -Ex: pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix, uterine cells"
"Referred to as atypical hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER dysplasia - abnormal changes in
size, shape, and organization of mature cells due to persistent, severe cell injury or irritation"
"Metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -reversible change in which one adult cell is replaced by
another adult cell -Etiology: found in tissue damage, repair, and regeneration -Results from the exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or irritation. If the influences that cause the cellular changes remain present, they can induce a malignant change in the cells -Ex: most common is the change from columnar cells to squamous cells - this occurs in chronic smokers or gastroesophageal reflux (GERD)"
"Causes of cellular injury - CORRECT ANSWER hypoxia, free radicals, chemicals, radiation,
direct mechanical trauma, genetics, nutrition, infections, immunologic reactions and inflammation."
"Mechanisms of Cellular Injury - CORRECT ANSWER -ATP Depletion
-Oxygen and Oxygen derived free radicals -Intracellular Calcium and loss of calcium steady state"
"Cellular Injury (partially ischemia) triggers an increase in - CORRECT ANSWER
Iintracellular calcium -The more damage which is done, the higher the calcium concentration becomes. The elevated calcium level causes damage to the cell membrane. It also causes damage to the intracellular contents by activating enzymes which cause the damage directly."
"ATP Depletion - CORRECT ANSWER results from the loss of mitochondrial production of
ATP.
This contributes to cellular swelling, decreased protein synthesis, and impairs cellular membrane transport systems. All of these changes impair cellular membrane integrity."
"Oxygen and Oxygen derived free radicals - CORRECT ANSWER decrease oxygen delivery to
cells results in the production of activated oxygen species (free radicals, H2O2, NO) which destroy the cell membranes and structures."
"Most common cause of cellular injury - CORRECT ANSWER Hypoxic Injury"
"Clinical Manifestations of Hypoxic Injury - CORRECT ANSWER Reduced ischemia, loss of
hemoglobin, diseases, etc. Heart attack, etc"
"Pathophysiology of Hypoxic Injury - CORRECT ANSWER Ischemia - ↓ mitochondrial
oxygenation, ↓ATP, Na-K & Na-Ca pumps fail -> ↑ intracellular Na & Ca -> K to diffuse out of cell -> acute cellular swelling (from ↑ Na in cell), anaerobic glycolysis, ↑Lactate, necrosis"
"Reperfusion Injury - CORRECT ANSWER Reoxygenation, Tissue transplantation, ischemic
syndromes of heart, liver, GI, kidneys, and cerebrum."
"Clinical Manifestations of Reperfusion Injury - CORRECT ANSWER Neutrophils especially
affected, causing neutrophil adhesion to endothelium Serious complication in transplantation and ischemic diseases"
"Patho of Reperfusion Injury - CORRECT ANSWER -Triggers the production of highly
reactive oxygen intermediates (hydroxyl radical & hydrogen peroxide -> cell membrane damage & mitochondrial Ca overload). -WBC function is impaired as result of injury. * Xanthine dehydrogenase -> converts to xanthine oxidate -> creates massive amounts of free radicals, superoxide & hydrogen peroxide -> etc... apoptosis"
"Free Radical - CORRECT ANSWER Any molecular species capable of independent existence
that contains a single unpaired electron in an outer orbit
"ETOH in blood metabolizes to - CORRECT ANSWER Acetaldehyde in cytoplasm of cell ->
Pyruvate to be changed to LA, Oxaloacetate -> malate, this prevents gluconeogenesis -> fasting hypoglycemia. Also Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate -> glycerol 3- phosphate combines with fatty acides to form triglycerides -> hepatosteatosis. Also ↓ citric acid cycle production of NADH -> utilization of Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis -> ketoacidosis & lipogenesis -> hepatosteatosis"
"Hepatic Changes in ETOH - CORRECT ANSWER (inflammation, deposition of fat,
enlargement of liver, interruption of microtubular transport of proteins & their secretions, ↑ intracellular water, ↓ fatty acid oxidation in mitochondria, ↑ membrane rigidity, development of liver necrosis."
"Ketogenesis - CORRECT ANSWER is the formation of ketone bodies and occurs mostly in the
mitochondria of the hepatocytes. Occurs as a result of the unavailability of glucose."
"Role of the Hepatocytes in Ketogenesis - CORRECT ANSWER The major parenchymal cells
in the liver: metabolism, detoxification, and protein synthesis"
"Role of the mitochondria in ketogenesis - CORRECT ANSWER Membrane-bound cell
organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP)"
"Triggers for ketogenesis - CORRECT ANSWER starvation, lack of glucose"
"Effect on oxaloacetate in ketogenesis - CORRECT ANSWER -Is used in gluconeogenesis.
During starvation & uncontrolled diabetes, these levels are insufficient bc it is completely used by gluconeogenesis- The depletion of ______________ increases the amount of acetyl-CoA -> acetyl-CoA is processed by hepatocytes -> undergoes transformation to 3 ketone bodies: acetoacetate, acetone, β- hydroxybutyrate = basis for ketoacidosis"
"Tumor Markers - CORRECT ANSWER are substances produced by the cancer cells that are
found on tumor plasma membranes or in the blood, spinal fluid, or urine. An elevated tumor marker may suggest a specific diagnosis, but it is not used alone as a definitive diagnosis test."
"Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP) tumor marker can be found in - CORRECT ANSWER liver or germ
cell cancers"
"Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) tumor marker can be found in - CORRECT ANSWER GI,
Pancreatic, Lung, and Breast cancers"
"Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (Beta HCG) tumor marker can be found in - CORRECT
ANSWER germ cell cancers or choriocarcinoma"
"Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) tumor marker can be found in - CORRECT ANSWER
prostate cancer"
"Benign Tumors - CORRECT ANSWER a nonmalignant new growths, slow growing, do not
spread locally or to distant sites and are well encapsulated."
"Malignant Tumors - CORRECT ANSWER rapidly growing and poorly differentiated, do not
look like the tissue or origin, rapid cell growth, and can metastasize to local tissues or distant sites. Not encapsulated, anaplasia, pleomorphic (various shapes/sizes). Are named after the cell of origin but in addition to the "oma" they have the root words "carcino" or "sarco"."
"This type of syndrome is most commonly found in the GI tract or lungs - CORRECT ANSWER
paraneoplastic syndromes"
"What is responsible for shifting potassium intracellularly - CORRECT ANSWER Insulin"
"What shifts potassium extracellularly - CORRECT ANSWER -Insulin Deficiency
-Aldosterone Deficiency -Acidosis -Strenuous Exercise"
"Alpha adrenergic antagonists will cause K to shift - CORRECT ANSWER into the cell"
"Beta 2 antagonist (Beta Blockers) causes K to shift - CORRECT ANSWER extracellularly"
"Intracellular - CORRECT ANSWER All fluids contained inside the cells by their plasma
membrane. Consists of cytosol and fluid in cell nucleus."
"Interstitial fluid - CORRECT ANSWER Extracellular space
Tissue space that surrounds cells in body Contains 20% of body water"
"Intravascular - CORRECT ANSWER Blood. Mixture of blood cells, colloids and solutes
(glucose and ions). It's the fluid inside blood cells and blood plasma. Contains 20% of body water"
"What happens to the BP when fluid moves out of the intravascular compartment - CORRECT
ANSWER BP drops"
-renin -> angiotensin -angiotensin -> angiotensin 1 -ACCE converts angiotensin1-> angiotensin II -> causes art VC -> release of aldosterone -> stimulates renal Na reabsorption and K excretion"
"Works opposite of RAAS to decrease blood volume - CORRECT ANSWER ANP and BNP
Natriuretic Hormones -promote urinary excretion of Na and water"
"may be used interchangeably with osmolality - CORRECT ANSWER tonicity"
"What causes an increase in hydrostatic pressure - CORRECT ANSWER venous obstruction
or retention of Na & water"
"what causes a decrease in oncotic pressure and osmotic pressure - CORRECT ANSWER
decreased plasma protein production"
"ECF overload manifestations - CORRECT ANSWER HCO3 reabsorption inhibited in
proximal tubule"
"ECF deficit manifestations - CORRECT ANSWER increase HCO3 absorption
stimulates RAAS"
"Reabsorption of bicarbonate occurs with - CORRECT ANSWER loop or thiazide diuretics
volume replacement with NaCl"
"Renal excretion of H+ ions occurs mostly in - CORRECT ANSWER distal tubule & collecting
ducts"
"What assists with renal excretion of H+ ions - CORRECT ANSWER inorganic phosphates"
"Where does excretion of hydrogen as ammonium occur - CORRECT ANSWER proximal
tubule, loop of henle, and distal tubules (proximal tubule cells produce NH4+)"
"What blocks the actions of carbonic anhydrase to inhibit HCO3 reabsorption - CORRECT
ANSWER Acetazolamide"
"High Anion Gap metabolic acidosis is likely caused by - CORRECT ANSWER lactic acidosis
ketoacidosis acute or chronic renal failure"
"Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis is likely caused by - CORRECT ANSWER GI losses from
diarrhea large volumes of saline admin medications such as NSAIDS, ace inhibitors, trimethoprim"
"Clinical Manifestations of Metabolic Acidosis - CORRECT ANSWER Headache and lethargy,
which progresses to confusion and coma in severe, Kussmauls respirations (form of hyperventilation that are deep and rapid), anorexia, N/V, diarrhea, abd discomfort"
"Pathological Consequences of Metabolic Acidosis - CORRECT ANSWER decreased
myocardial contractility, decreased CO, and catecholamine resistant hypotension, and hyperkalemia"
"Pathological Mechanisms that cause Metabolic Acidosis - CORRECT ANSWER -increased
acid production -loss of bicarbonate -diminished renal excretion of hydrogen."
"Metabolic Acidosis - CORRECT ANSWER Reduction of serum bicarbonate concentration
and a low arterial pH."
"Metabolic Alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER Results from an excess of HCO3 or deficiency of H
ions. High pH, high HCO3"
"Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER Gastric stomach contents (vomiting or
gastric suctioning), diuretic use (thiazide diuretics), diarrhea (laxative abuse), antacid ingestion, excess aldosterone"
"Clinical Manifestations of Metabolic Alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER Hypokalemia,
hypocalcemia, cardiac arrhythmias from hypokalemia, hypoventilation, and a elevated PCO2, tetany, paresthesias"
"Contraction Alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER Results in an increased production of
aldosterone and consequently increased reabsorption of Na+ and HCO3- in the proximal tubule in response to the hypovolemia and hypokalemia. -occurs with diuretic use"
"In order for metabolic alkalosis to occur - CORRECT ANSWER a process that causes a rise in
serum bicarbonate and a process which prevents the renal excretion of serum bicarbonate must both occur."
