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A rational study of the rules of conduct known as morals that describe how people should b, Slides of Ethics

Introduction to Ethics -A rational study of the rules of conduct known as morals that describe how people should b

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2022/2023

Uploaded on 04/28/2023

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Introduction to Ethics
A rational study of the rules of conduct
known as morals that describe how
people should behave
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Download A rational study of the rules of conduct known as morals that describe how people should b and more Slides Ethics in PDF only on Docsity!

Introduction to Ethics

A rational study of the rules of conduct

known as morals that describe how

people should behave

The Ethical Point of View

Most everyone shares “core values”, desiring:

Life

Happiness

Ability to accomplish goals

Society

Association of people organized under a system of

rules

Rules: advance the good of members over time

Morality

A society’s rules of conduct

What people ought / ought not to do in various

situations.

Ethics

Ethics are standards of moral conduct

Standards of right and wrong behavior

A gauge of personal integrity

The basis of trust and cooperation in

relationships with others

Top Ten Strengths

.

.

.

.

Top Ten Weaknesses

.

.

.

Weakness to Strength


Weakness I am trying to overcome.


Ethical Theories

Subjective Relativism

Cultural Relativism

Divine Command Theory

Kantianism

Act Utilitarianism

Rule Utilitarianism

Social Contract Theory

Subjective Relativism

There are no universal moral norms of

right and wrong

All persons decide right and wrong for

themselves

Pros:

  • Well meaning people can have opposite

opinions

  • Opposing views do not need to be reconciled
  • Unpleasant debates are avoided

Cultural Relativism

The ethical theory that what’s right or

wrong depends on place and/or time

Pros:

  • Different social contexts determine different

moral guidelines

  • One society should not judge another by its

own standards

  • The actual behavior of a society reflects its

values better than what it says

Cons of Cultural Relativism

Different views of right and wrong are not

always acceptable

  • Just because they exist doesn’t make them

okay

Cultural relativism can be vague and

subject to different interpretations

There are no guidelines for reconciliation

between cultures in conflict

Cultures have to share many “core values”

Cons of Divine Command Theory

  • There are many holy books that disagree with each

other

  • In a multicultural society it’s unrealistic to adopt a

religion based morality

  • Some moral problems are not mentioned in the

holy books

  • Equating “good” with “God” is the “equivalence

fallacy” (trying to equate two things that are similar)

  • Divine Command Theory is not based on reason

Kantianism

Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804) a German

philosopher

People’s wills should be based on moral

rules

Therefore it’s important that our actions

are based on appropriate moral rules.

To determine when a moral rule is

appropriate Kant proposed two

Categorical Imperatives

First Formulation of the Categorical

Imperative

  • Act only from moral rules that you can at the

same time universalize.

In the modern day, deontology manifests itself in

a focus on human rights—roughly, the idea that

there are certain things that must never be

done to human beings, as such. Such rights are

typically thought of as being universal, applying

to all persons everywhere, regardless of the

political or legal system under which they live.

Second Formulation of the

Categorical Imperative

Act so that you always treat both yourself

and other people as ends in themselves,

and never only as a means to an end.

  • If you use people for your own benefit that is

not moral