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344 econ- levent yuldı, Cheat Sheet of Economics

Bogazici UniversityEconomics

economics 344, levent yılrıdan

Typology: Cheat Sheet

2023/2024

Uploaded on 11/26/2024

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1. Structure (Noun - İsim)
o Sentence: The structure of the building was designed to withstand earthquakes.
Binanın yapısı depremlere dayanacak şekilde tasarlandı.
o Synonym: Framework (Noun - İsim)
Sentence: The framework of the project is still under development.
Projenin çerçevesi hâlâ geliştiriliyor.
o Antonym: Disorder (Noun - İsim)
Sentence: The sudden collapse of the organization led to complete
disorder.
Kuruluşun ani çöküşü tam bir düzensizliğe yol açtı.
2. Expanded (Verb - Fiil)
o Sentence: The company has expanded its operations to multiple countries.
Şirket, operasyonlarını birden fazla ülkeye genişletti.
o Synonym: Enlarged (Verb - Fiil)
Sentence: The museum was enlarged to accommodate more visitors.
Müze, daha fazla ziyaretçiyi ağırlamak için büyütüldü.
o Antonym: Reduced (Verb - Fiil)
Sentence: The budget was reduced due to the economic downturn.
Bütçe, ekonomik durgunluk nedeniyle azaltıldı.
3. In turn (Adverbial Phrase - Zarf)
o Sentence: The investment led to higher profits, which in turn allowed for
further expansion.
Yatırım daha yüksek kârlara yol açtı, bu da dolayısıyla daha fazla
genişlemeye imkân tanıdı.
o Synonym: As a result (Adverbial Phrase - Zarf)
Sentence: The team worked hard, and as a result, they finished the
project ahead of schedule.
Ekip çok çalıştı ve sonuç olarak projeyi planlanandan önce
bitirdi.
o Antonym: Unrelated (Adjective - Sıfat)
Sentence: The two events were unrelated and had no impact on each
other.
İki olay alakasızdı ve birbirini etkilemedi.
4. Formation (Noun - İsim)
o Sentence: The formation of mountains is a result of tectonic movements.
Dağların oluşumu, tektonik hareketlerin bir sonucudur.
o Synonym: Creation (Noun - İsim)
Sentence: The creation of new ecosystems is vital for biodiversity.
Yeni ekosistemlerin oluşturulması, biyolojik çeşitlilik için
hayati önem taşır.
o Antonym: Destruction (Noun - İsim)
Sentence: The destruction of forests is a major concern for
environmentalists.
Ormanların yok edilmesi, çevreciler için büyük bir endişe
kaynağıdır.
5. Dense (Adjective - Sıfat)
o Sentence: The dense forest made it difficult to navigate through the area.
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  1. Structure (Noun - İsim) o Sentence: The structure of the building was designed to withstand earthquakes.  Binanın yapısı depremlere dayanacak şekilde tasarlandı. o Synonym: Framework (Noun - İsim)  Sentence: The framework of the project is still under development.  Projenin çerçevesi hâlâ geliştiriliyor. o Antonym: Disorder (Noun - İsim)  Sentence: The sudden collapse of the organization led to complete disorder.  Kuruluşun ani çöküşü tam bir düzensizliğe yol açtı.
  2. Expanded (Verb - Fiil) o Sentence: The company has expanded its operations to multiple countries.  Şirket, operasyonlarını birden fazla ülkeye genişletti. o Synonym: Enlarged (Verb - Fiil)  Sentence: The museum was enlarged to accommodate more visitors.  Müze, daha fazla ziyaretçiyi ağırlamak için büyütüldü. o Antonym: Reduced (Verb - Fiil)  Sentence: The budget was reduced due to the economic downturn.  Bütçe, ekonomik durgunluk nedeniyle azaltıldı.
  3. In turn (Adverbial Phrase - Zarf) o Sentence: The investment led to higher profits, which in turn allowed for further expansion.  Yatırım daha yüksek kârlara yol açtı, bu da dolayısıyla daha fazla genişlemeye imkân tanıdı. o Synonym: As a result (Adverbial Phrase - Zarf)  Sentence: The team worked hard, and as a result, they finished the project ahead of schedule.  Ekip çok çalıştı ve sonuç olarak projeyi planlanandan önce bitirdi. o Antonym: Unrelated (Adjective - Sıfat)  Sentence: The two events were unrelated and had no impact on each other.  İki olay alakasızdı ve birbirini etkilemedi.
  4. Formation (Noun - İsim) o Sentence: The formation of mountains is a result of tectonic movements.  Dağların oluşumu, tektonik hareketlerin bir sonucudur. o Synonym: Creation (Noun - İsim)  Sentence: The creation of new ecosystems is vital for biodiversity.  Yeni ekosistemlerin oluşturulması, biyolojik çeşitlilik için hayati önem taşır. o Antonym: Destruction (Noun - İsim)  Sentence: The destruction of forests is a major concern for environmentalists.  Ormanların yok edilmesi, çevreciler için büyük bir endişe kaynağıdır.
  5. Dense (Adjective - Sıfat) o Sentence: The dense forest made it difficult to navigate through the area.

 Sık orman, bölgeyi geçmeyi zorlaştırdı. o Synonym: Thick (Adjective - Sıfat)  Sentence: The thick fog reduced visibility to almost zero.  Yoğun sis, görüş mesafesini neredeyse sıfıra indirdi. o Antonym: Sparse (Adjective - Sıfat)  Sentence: The vegetation in the desert is sparse due to the lack of water.  Çöl bitki örtüsü, su eksikliği nedeniyle seyrektir.

  1. Whole (Adjective - Sıfat) o Sentence: He ate the whole pizza by himself.  Tüm pizzayı tek başına yedi. o Synonym: Entire (Adjective - Sıfat)  Sentence: The entire village came together to celebrate the festival.  Tüm köy, festivali kutlamak için bir araya geldi. o Antonym: Partial (Adjective - Sıfat)  Sentence: He only gave a partial explanation of what happened.  Olanların sadece kısmi bir açıklamasını yaptı.
  2. Observe (Verb - Fiil) o Sentence: Astronomers observe distant stars to study their composition.  Astronomlar, bileşimlerini incelemek için uzak yıldızları gözlemler. o Synonym: Watch (Verb - Fiil)  Sentence: The children watched the birds fly across the sky.  Çocuklar, kuşların gökyüzünde uçuşunu izledi. o Antonym: Neglect (Verb - Fiil)  Sentence: He neglected to observe the safety regulations, which led to an accident.  Güvenlik kurallarına uymayı ihmal etti, bu da bir kazaya yol açtı.
  3. Traced back to (Phrasal Verb - Fiil Deyimi) o Sentence: The origins of this tradition can be traced back to ancient times.  Bu geleneğin kökenleri antik zamanlara kadar izlenebilir. o Synonym: Attributed to (Phrasal Verb - Fiil Deyimi)  Sentence: The invention of the telephone is attributed to Alexander Graham Bell.  Telefonun icadı, Alexander Graham Bell’e atfedilir. o Antonym: Disconnected from (Phrasal Verb - Fiil Deyimi)  Sentence: The event is completely disconnected from any historical background.  Olay, herhangi bir tarihsel geçmişten tamamen bağımsızdır.
  4. Proven (Adjective - Sıfat) o Sentence: It has been proven that regular exercise improves mental health.  Düzenli egzersizin zihinsel sağlığı iyileştirdiği kanıtlanmıştır. o Synonym: Verified (Adjective - Sıfat)  Sentence: The theory was verified through extensive testing.  Teori, kapsamlı testlerle doğrulandı. o Antonym: Disproven (Adjective - Sıfat)  Sentence: The claim was eventually disproven by new evidence.  İddia, yeni kanıtlarla sonunda çürütüldü.

is often considered to have originate d in Ancient Greece. Eski Yunanistan'da ortaya çıktığı düşünülmektedir. whole (adj.) bütün; tam Reliable statistics about the whole population of England date back to the beginning of the 19th century. İngiltere'nin bütün nüfusu hakkında güvenilir istatistikler 19. yüzyılın başlarına kadar uzanmaktadır. observe (v.) gözlemlemek^ The Gemini camera is used to observe stars which do not release enough visible light to be captured with conventional cameras. Gemini kamerası, geleneksel kameralarla yakalanacak kadar görünür ışık yaymayan yıldızları gözlemlemek için kullanılır. prove (v.) kanıtlamak^ Research has prove n that babies can learn in the womb. Araştırmalar, bebeklerin anne karnında öğrenebildiğini kanıtlamıştır. Nowadays, a popular scientific theory about how the universe started is the Big Bang theory. This theory also tries to explain how the stars and galaxies we see today were formed. In the first moments following the Big Bang, the universe was extremely hot, small, and dense ; and it lacked stars, atoms, form, or structure. This state is referred to as "singularity". However, about 13.8 billion years ago, space expand ed very instantly and rapidly. This event is referred to as "Big Bang". As the universe cooled, conditions became just right to give rise to the building blocks of matter. This initiated the formation of atoms, and it, in turn , eventually led to the formation of stars and galaxies. It was in 1927 that Georges Lemaitre first noted that an expanding universe could be traced back in time to an originating single point. Even today, the universe is expanding, and it is getting colder as it does so. This means that, as a whole, the universe is growing, and its overall temperature is decreasing over time. The field of science that studies how the universe began and its development is called Cosmology. Scientists in this area of science agree that the Big Bang theory is in line with what they have observe d so far. Interestingly, the first one to name the theory the 'Big Bang' was Fred Hoyle, who did not think this theory was correct, and this took place in a radio show. Even though many scientists disagreed with Hoyle's ideas, they considered the name to be a funny one and adopted it. Since then, the reasons Hoyle had for disagreeing with the Big bang theory have mostly been prove n wrong.

  • Nowadays, a popular scientific theory about how the universe started is the Big Bang theory. ✔ Günümüzde, evrenin nasıl başladığına dair popüler bir bilimsel teori, Büyük Patlama teorisidir.
  • This theory also tries to explain how the stars and galaxies we see today were formed. ✔ Bu teori, ayrıca bugün gördüğümüz yıldızların ve galaksilerin nasıl oluştuğunu da açıklamaya çalışır.
  • In the first moments following the Big Bang, the universe was extremely hot, small, and dense; and it lacked stars, atoms, form, or structure. ✔ Büyük Patlama’nın hemen sonrasındaki ilk anlarda, evren son derece sıcak, küçük ve yoğundu; yıldızlar, atomlar, şekil veya yapı yoktu.
  • This state is referred to as "singularity". ✔ Bu duruma “tekillik” denir.
  • However, about 13.8 billion years ago, space expanded very instantly and rapidly. ✔ Ancak, yaklaşık 13,8 milyar yıl önce, uzay aniden ve hızla genişledi.
  • This event is referred to as "Big Bang". ✔ Bu olaya “Büyük Patlama” adı verilir.
  • As the universe cooled, conditions became just right to give rise to the building blocks of matter. ✔ Evren soğudukça, maddeyi oluşturan yapı taşlarının ortaya çıkması için koşullar uygun hale geldi.
  • This initiated the formation of atoms, and it, in turn, eventually led to the formation of stars and galaxies. ✔ Bu durum atomların oluşumunu başlattı ve bu da nihayetinde yıldızlar ve galaksilerin oluşumuna yol açtı.
  • It was in 1927 that Georges Lemaitre first noted that an expanding universe could be traced back in time to an originating single point. ✔ 1927'de Georges Lemaitre, genişleyen bir evrenin zaman içinde tek bir başlangıç noktasına kadar izlenebileceğini ilk fark eden kişi oldu.
  1. Which of the following is wrong regarding the original state of the universe? A) It had a quite specific structure B) It was tiny and hot C) It was not as big as it is today D) It lacked galaxies and stars
  2. We learn from the passage that even today: A) the universe does not have a form B) the average temperature in the universe is on the rise C) the universe is getting bigger and bigger D) scientific findings contradict the Big Bang theory
  3. The person who came up with the name "Big Bang"... A) was a supporter of the Big Bang theory B) did not actually believe in the Big Bang theory C) proposed the name to a scientific committee D) was a funny radio reporter
  4. Which of the following would best replace "so far" without changing the meaning in essential ways? A) far away B) in the space C) until now D) recently dense-structure- expanded-formation- in-turn
  5. The __________ of the Sun is generally regarded as consisting of four regions: the core, the radiative zone, the convection zone and the atmosphere.
  6. The private education market has __________ tremendously, and all the major universities have moved to internationalize their programs.
  7. The particles in the universe will eventually be left without any energy to move, and this __________ will freeze the whole universe.
  8. The __________ of the Sun was probably triggered by the shockwave from a nearby supernova.
  9. Saturn’s largest satellite, Titan, has a(n) __________ atmosphere consisting mostly of nitrogen.

traced-back to - originated-whole-observe-proven

  1. Any policy decision made in the developed world somehow affects the __________ world.
  2. It is important to __________ children when they are sick, in order to see whether their symptoms will deteriorate.
  3. The history of glassmaking can be __________ to the ancient Egyptians around 3500 BC.
  4. Researchers have __________ that high anxiety can be minimized by conscious breathing.
  5. It is likely that tea __________ as a medicinal drink in China during the Shang dynasty.
  6. Evrendeki orijinal durumla ilgili aşağıdakilerden hangisi yanlıştır? A) Oldukça belirgin bir yapıya sahipti B) Küçük ve sıcaktı C) Bugünkü kadar büyük değildi D) Galaksiler ve yıldızlar yoktu
  7. Parçadan öğreniyoruz ki bugün bile: A) evrenin bir şekli yok B) evrendeki ortalama sıcaklık artış göstermektedir C) evren giderek büyümektedir D) bilimsel bulgular Büyük Patlama teorisiyle çelişmektedir
  8. "Büyük Patlama" adını bulan kişi... A) Büyük Patlama teorisinin destekçisiydi B) aslında Büyük Patlama teorisine inanmıyordu C) adı bir bilim kuruluna önerdi D) komik bir radyo muhabiriydi
  9. Aşağıdakilerden hangisi "so far" ifadesini anlamını değiştirmeden en iyi şekilde değiştirebilir? A) çok uzakta B) uzayda C) şu ana kadar D) son zamanlarda yoğun, yapı, genişledi, oluşum, sırasıyla
  10. Güneş'in __________ genellikle dört bölgeden oluştuğu kabul edilir: çekirdek, radyatif bölge, konveksiyon bölgesi ve atmosfer.
  1. structure
  2. expanded
  3. in turn
  4. formation
  5. dense
  6. whole
  7. observe
  8. traced back to
  9. proven
  10. originated